CHAP 1- PROGRESSIVE ERA VOCAB

AICE US

Progressive Movement

was a wide-ranging social, economic, and political reform movement in the United States from the 1890s to the 1920s

• Led primarily by urban, middle-class professionals, journalists, and activists, the movement sought to use the power of federal, state, and local governments to fix the negative effects of rapid industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and corporate monopolies

Ida Tarbell (1857-1944)

American investigative journalist and leading "muckraker" during the Progressive Era who exposed the predatory and monopolistic business practices of John D. Rockefeller's (The History of the Standard Oil Company)

Upton Sinclair

was an American novelist, social reformer, and muckraker—an investigative journalist who exposed corporate corruption, economic inequality, and social injustice during the Progressive Era

• Wrote “The Jungle (1906) most famous novel, which exposed the brutal exploitation of immigrant workers and the filthy, unsanitary conditions inside Chicago's meatpacking plants. = passing the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act

Muckrakers

were reform-minded American investigative journalists, writers, and photographers who exposed corporate monopolies, government corruption, and severe social injustices

Jacob Riis

social documentary photographer and reformer whose work exposed the squalid living conditions of New York City's poor.

Ida B. Wells

African American investigative journalist, anti-lynching crusader, civil rights leader, and suffragist

Frank Norris

was an during the Progressive Era who exposed corporate greed, economic inequality, and the raw deterministic forces of heredity and environment

• wrote the octopus: The first part of his uncompleted Epic of the Wheat trilogy, which dramatized the violent conflict between California wheat farmers and a ruthless railroad monopoly.

David G Phillips

American novelist and investigative journalist

• The Treason of the Senate" (1906): His famous nine-part series in Cosmopolitan magazine accused U.S. senators of serving corporate monopolies (such as Standard Oil) rather than the public.

• Constitutional Impact: His Senate exposé outraged the public and helped build momentum for the 17th Amendment, which established the direct popular election of U.S. senators instead of selection by state legislatures.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

was a federal law passed on July 2, 1890, that was the first U.S. measure to prohibit trusts, monopolies, and any contract, combination, or conspiracy in restraint of interstate trade

Federal Trade Commission Act 1914

• The act established the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) as an independent, bipartisan federal regulatory agency.

• Mission: It was designed to "bust the trusts", protect consumers, and stop unfair or deceptive business practices across the American economy.

Clayton Anti Trust Act of (1914)

It was designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 by clearly defining and outlawing specific anti-competitive business practices that the earlier, vaguely worded law had failed to stop.

• Price Discrimination: Outlawed charging different prices to different buyers for the same product when it substantially lessens competition.

• Exclusive Dealings and Tying Contracts: Banned forcing a customer or retailer to buy only from one supplier or requiring them to purchase a secondary ("tied") product to get a primary one.

• Anti-Competitive Mergers: Prohibited corporations from buying up the stock of competing firms if it resulted in a monopoly.

• Interlocking Directorates: Made it illegal for the same individuals to sit on the boards of directors of competing large corporations

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

The act made it illegal to manufacture, sell, or transport adulterated (contaminated, altered, or spoiled) or misbranded (falsely labeled) food, medicine, and liquor in interstate commerce.

Meat Inspection Act 1906

banned the sale of adulterated or misbranded livestock and meat products and required strict sanitary standards for slaughterhouses and processing plants

Kearting Owen Act 1916

prohibited the interstate sale of goods produced by factories, shops, or canneries employing children under the age of 14, or mines employing children under the age of 16

Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918)

was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision that struck down the federal Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916, halting early federal efforts to regulate child labor during the Progressive Era

Temperance Movement

was a social and political campaign aimed at reducing or totally banning the manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages, culminating in the passage of the 18th Amendment

Frances Willard

American educator, temperance reformer, and women's suffragist

Carrie Nation

radical American temperance crusader during the Progressive Era who famously smashed illegal saloons, bars, and liquor bottles with a hatchet

Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

• where Christian women prayed, sang, and protested outside local saloons to stop alcohol sales.

• The group viewed alcohol abuse as a direct threat to the safety, financial stability, and welfare of women and children within the home.

Anti Saloon League

was the leading single-issue political pressure group of the Progressive Era in the United States, founded in Oberlin, Ohio, in 1893. Dedicated to the total eradication of the manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages, it operated under the motto "The saloon must go”

• Unlike older temperance groups that formed third parties or relied on moral persuasion, the ASL worked strictly within the two-party system. It supported "dry" candidates (regardless of party) and actively targeted or defeated "wet" politicians.

21st Amendment

repealed the 18th Amendment, officially ending nationwide Prohibition (the ban on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages)

Frances Willard

American educator, suffragist, and social reformer who served as the national president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Dry Towns

during the Progressive Era (roughly the 1890s to the 1920s) was a municipality (a city, town, or village) that legally prohibited the manufacture, sale, and sometimes the transportation or public consumption of alcoholic beverages.

Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

the foundational document and launch of the organized U.S. women’s rights and suffrage movement

National Woman Suffrage Association

a radical U.S. women's rights organization founded in May 1869 by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony.

Lucretia Mott (1793–1880)

19th-century Quaker minister, abolitionist, pacifist, and social reformer whose foundational work in the antebellum period directly shaped the later women’s suffrage and progressive movements

Susan B. Anthony

Prominent American social reformer, abolitionist, and the primary leader of the women's suffrage movement

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

foundational philosopher, writer, and primary leader of the American women's rights movement who helped launch and guide the fight for women's suffrage through the early years of the Progressive Era

Lucy Stone

• pioneering American abolitionist, orator, and suffragist

• She was the first woman from Massachusetts to earn a college degree, graduating from Oberlin College in Ohio in 184

• She worked as a prominent lecturer and organizer for the American Anti-Slavery Society alongside William Lloyd Garrison.

Carrie Chapman Catt

• was a prominent American suffragist, political strategist, and peace activist

• who served as the president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) during the Progressive Era.

• She was the key architect of the final, successful push to ratify the 19th Amendment in 1920, which guaranteed women the right to vote

Alice Paul

prominent American suffragist, feminist, and radical leader who spearheaded the militant wing of the women's suffrage movement

Florence Kelley

leading American social, political, and labor reformer who dedicated her life to fighting against sweatshops, child labor, and unsafe working conditions, while advocating for the eight-hour workday, minimum wage laws, and women's rights

sqaure deal

designed to create a level playing field for average Americans by curbing the excesses of big business

• Conservation of Natural Resources: Roosevelt used executive power to set aside millions of acres of public land, establishing national forests, wildlife refuges, and national parks to protect the environment and limit reckless commercial exploitation.

• Control of Corporations (Trust-Busting): He sought to regulate monopolistic big businesses (trusts) rather than destroy all of them, distinguishing between "good trusts" that served the public and "bad trusts" that stifled competition. Key actions included enforcing the Sherman Antitrust Act (such as breaking up the Northern Securities Company) and passing the Hepburn Act of 1906 to regulate railroad shipping rates.

• Consumer Protection: Prompted by public outcries and investigative journalists ("muckrakers") like Upton Sinclair (The Jungle), Roosevelt championed laws to ensure safe food and medicine, notably the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act of 1906

New Freedom-Wilson

presidential campaign platform and progressive domestic policy agenda aimed at restoring economic competition, breaking up corporate monopolies, and attacking the "Triple Wall of Privilege": tariffs, banks, and trusts

Robert La Follette “Wisconsin Idea”

• was a prominent American politician and reform leader who served as Governor of Wisconsin (1901–1906) and a U.S. Senator (1906–1925)

• The Wisconsin Idea was a public policy philosophy he championed during the Progressive Era, which held that government should be transparent, scientific, and responsive to ordinary citizens rather than corporate monopolies or political bosses

Hepburn Act of 1906

federal law passed during the Progressive Era that greatly expanded the authority of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to regulate railroads and protect public interest

Hepburn Act of 1906

federal law passed during the Progressive Era that greatly expanded the authority of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to regulate railroads and protect public interest

Mann-Elkins Act 1910

law signed by President William Howard Taft on June 18, 1910

• that expanded government regulation over railroads and extended federal oversight to the telecommunications industry

trust busting

government policies and legal actions during the Progressive Era aimed at breaking up large, monopolistic business combinations—known as "trusts"—to restore market competition and protect consumers

Conversation

was a nationwide political and social movement that sought to scientifically manage, regulate, and protect the nation's natural resources against unchecked exploitation and waste

Federal Children’s Bureau

the first federal agency in the United States dedicated exclusively to improving the welfare of children and families

• passed by president taft

Payne Aldrich Tariff Act

that was supposed to lower protective import duties but instead resulted in high tariff protection and a major political split within the Republican Party

Election of 1912

• was a four-way contest that served as the high-water mark of the Progressive Era, splitting the Republican vote and allowing Democrat Woodrow Wilson to win the presidency

16th amendment

gave the U.S. Congress the power to collect a federal income tax from any source without dividing it up among the states based on population

17th amendment

established the direct popular election of United States senators by the voters of each state

18th amendment

established Prohibition, making the manufacture, sale, transportation, importation, or exportation of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes illegal

19th amendment

prohibits the federal and state governments from denying or abridging the right to vote on the basis of sex