Group naming and forces

Alkane

Hydrocarbons with only single bonds

Alkenes

Hydrocarbons with double bonds

Alkynes

Hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond

Example of aromatic hydrocarbons

Benzene

Saturated compounds

Alkanes

These compounds only have single bonds and only have the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms that a carbon compound can have

Unsaturated compounds

Alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds

These compounds can have multiple bonds and less the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms in a carbon compound

The extra stabilization in benzene comes from what?

Resonance

Phenyl groups

A benzene attached to another thing by one carbon (C6H5)

Also called Ph -

Phenol

When there is an OH directly attached to a benzene ring

Benzyl group

A benzene ring attached to a CH2 (C6H5CH2)

Also written as Bn—

Haloalkane

A CH3 attached to a halogen (Cl, I, Br, etc)

Alcohol

An OH attached to a SP3 carbon

How do you classify alcohols?

You look at the number of CARBONS attached to the CARBON the ALCOHOL is attached to

Ether

C—O—C

Amine

An N(H) attached to a C

How do you classify amines?

You look at the number of CARBONS attached to the NITROGEN

Carbonyl group

When there is a C === O, on its own, not attached to anything

Aldehyde

When there is an H attached to a carbonyl group

You classify them based on the number of CARBONS attached to the CARBONYL CARBON

Ketone

When a carbonyl group is attached to two carbons

Carboxylic acid

Where there is a CARBONYL group with an ALCOHOL attached to the carbonyl carbon

Ester

A carbonyl group with an oxygen attached to the carbonyl carbon, with another carbons attached to the oxygen

Amide

When a nitrogen is attached to a carbonyl group

Nitriles

When you have a triple bond between C and N, to make CN

It can be shown as in the picture with a C with a triple bond with N, OR it can be shown as —CN

How to tell dipole-dipole

When a compound is, nonmetal + nonmetal

How to tell ion-ion forces

When the compound is, nonmetal + metal

Hydrogen bonding

When there is a bond between H and N,O,F

H —F

H—O

H—N

Branched molecules cause the boiling to ___

decrease

Which bonds are stronger, pi bonds or sigma bonds?

sigma bonds

What makes a bond more polarizable?

If the bond consists of large atoms loosely ties by electrons ( by single bonds)

Atoms with unshared electrons are more polarizable than those atoms that are completely bonded.

How many carboxyl group types are there? Name them

1. ketone

2. amide

3. carboxylic acid

4. ester

5. aldehyde

5 total

List all of the groups

Alkane, alkene, alkyne

Phenyl, phenol, benzyl, haloalkane, carbonyl groups

ester, ether

amide, amine

alcohol

aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid

nitriles

Isomers

Some molecular formula BUT different SPATIAL ORIENTATIONS in structures

Constitutional Isomer

Differences in connectivity