European Monarchs (copy)

What factor contributed to the Church's declining power during 1500-1800?

Famine, plague, and religious wars led people to seek order and security from national monarchs.

What is absolutism?

Absolutism is a form of governance where the king or queen has unlimited power and aims to control all aspects of society.

What belief is associated with the Divine Right of Kings?

Monarchs are believed to be chosen by God and are answerable only to God, not to their subjects.

Who ruled Spain as an absolute monarch and inherited the throne from Charles V?

Philip II ruled Spain as an absolute monarch from 1556.

What were some successes of Philip II of Spain?

Victory at the Battle of Lepanto and control of the Mediterranean Sea.

What were the ‘Bad Years’ for Ivan the Terrible characterized by?

Increased brutality after Anastasia's death and the use of the Oprichniki to eliminate enemies.

Who was elected czar in 1613 and restored order in Russia?

Michael Romanov was elected czar in 1613 and strengthened the government.

What were the aims of Peter the Great in his reforms?

To strengthen and modernize Russia through Westernization.

What significant achievement was made by Peter the Great regarding access to the sea?

He defeated the Turks and Sweden, leading to the construction of St. Petersburg as a ‘Window to the West’.

What was the main source of tension between King James I and Parliament?

The tension was primarily due to James I's belief in the divine right of kings.

What did Charles I do that led to conflict with Parliament?

In conflict with Parliament over money, he signed the Petition of Rights in 1628 but ignored it, imposing fees and taxes without consent.