NCE Exam Practice

Standard Deviation

a measure of variability; It tells you how tightly your data is clustered around the mean

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Androgyny

is something that has both female and male traits, or something that is not clearly either masculine or feminine

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

Social Learning Theory

is the view that people learn by observing others. Associated with Albert Bandura's work in the 1960s. Explains how people learn new behaviors, values, and attitudes For example, a teenager might learn slang by observing peers.

Core features of depression

diminished interest or pleasure

Core features of bipolar disorders

mania; hypomania

Hypomania

abnormally, persistently elevated mood, expansive mood, irritable mood

Difference between mania and hypomania

mania lasts more than 1 week and hypomania lasts 4 days

Key features of schizophrenia and psychotic disorders

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior, negative symptoms

Symptoms of PTSD

Re-experiencing the trauma through flashbacks, nightmares, and intrusive thoughts

Five Factor Model of Personality

O- openness vs. tradition/convention

C- conscientiousness vs. negligence

E- extraversion vs. introversion

A- agreeableness vs. antagonistic

N- neuroticism vs. emotional stability

3 P's of personality disorder

-Persistent (over time)

-Pervasive (across situations)

-Pathological (clearly abnormal)

Cluster A personality disorders

odd/eccentric:

paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

Cluster B personality disorders

dramatic/emotional/erratic:

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

Cluster C personality disorders

Anxious/fearful

avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

Paranoid Personality Disorder

type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others

Schizoid Personality Disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by little interest or involvement in close relationships, even those with family members (socially and emotionally detached)

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by several traits that cause problems interpersonally, including constricted or inappropriate affect; magical or paranoid thinking; and odd beliefs, speech, behavior, appearance, and perceptions

Antisocial Personality Disorder

a personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

Borderline Personality Disorder

a personality disorder characterized by lack of stability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion; impulsivity; angry outbursts; intense fear of abandonment; recurring suicidal gestures

Histrionic Personality Disorder

excessive emotionality and attention seeking

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

a personality disorder characterized by exaggerated ideas of self-importance and achievements; preoccupation with fantasies of success; arrogance

Avoidant Personality Disorder

a personality disorder characterized by inhibition in social situations; feelings of inadequacy; oversensitivity to criticism

Dependent Personality Disorder

a personality disorder characterized by helplessness; excessive need to be taken care of; submissive and clinging behavior; difficulty in making decisions

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

a personality disorder characterized by preoccupation with orderliness, perfection, and control

Multiple Regression Analysis

An analysis of association in which the effects of two or more independent variables on a single, interval-scaled dependent variable are investigated simultaneously.

Analysis of Covariance

Compares 2 or more groups and controls for the effects of an intervening variable

Z-Scores

indicates how far away any given score is from the standardized deviation

Correlation

A measure of the relationship between two variables

Piaget Moral Development

he believes young children 4 to 7yrs see their moral world through the eyes of justice and rules which are unchangeable. As they get older they understand rules are made by people. Many variables to what is right and wrong. 10yrs old when children view each dilemma and consider the consequences before making moral decision.(cooperation)

Philosophical Principles that Define the Client's Role

the client must be involved, recognize their own beliefs and feelings and how they affect their ability to function, and willing to accept help

What is the purpose of anti psychotics

used to treat psychiatric conditions by altering the chemistry of the brain

5 Principles of Ethical Behavior

1) Autonomy 2) Beneficence 3) Non-maleficence 4) Justice 5) Fidelity

Autonomy

independence; self-determination; right to personal choice

Beneficence

intending to do good and act in the best interest of the client

Nonmaleficence

Do no harm; physician has responsibility to avoid treatments or interventions in which the potential for harm outweighs the potential for benefit

Justice

fairness towards all clients and not letting "favorites" or biases influence the service provided

Fidelity

faithfulness; not making insincere statements or impossible promises

Treatment Protocol for Alzheimer's

No cure but exercise, nutrition, physical therapy can help. Need visual monitoring to stay safe and need frequent reminders and queues to reduce anxiety

Huntington's Disease

Genetic disorder that causes progressive deterioration of brain cells. Causing anxiety and physical weakness as well as psychiatric and cognitive issues. Symptoms do not appear until about the age of 30.

Muscular Dystrophy

group of inherited muscle disorders that cause muscle weakness without affecting the nervous system

Antidepressants

drugs that combat depression by affecting the levels or activity of neurotransmitters in the brain

4 Etiologies of Medical Disorders

1) Congenital Defects

2) Degenerative Disorders

3) Acquired Disorders

4) Unknown Origin

Physiatrists

a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function

Principles of Treatment Planning

a) Tailor treatment to the specific needs of client

b) Treat ALL factors that affect the overall well-being of the client

c) Ensure that treatment lasts as long as the client needs it

d) Give the client the information needed to create and implement the treatment plan

Functional Capacity

the ability to perform necessary tasks; what a person is actually capable of doing

Functional Assessment Evaluation

(FCE): the assessing of client skills and the performance of certain tasks

Interventions

any technique, strategy, or service that is intended to treat/diminish a specific problem

Philosophical Principles that Define the Counselor's Role

a) recognition of and focus on client's strengths

b) recognition and development of client potential

c) working with others to provide necessary services

d) recognition that the client is part of system (family/community) and that the system may affect the rehabilitation process

e) ensure that the client continues to make progress towards goals

Steps for Strategic Planning

1. identification of goals

2. assessment of counselor ability to meet these goals

3. outlining of specific techniques that can be used to achieve

4. carry out the chosen intervention

5. evaluate progress on continuous basis

Identified Patient

The family member whose symptoms or behaviors are stated by the family as the reason for coming to therapy.

Conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. Acquired between 7-11 yrs of age

Kohlberg

theorist who claimed individuals went through 3 stages in the process of moral development.

Preconventional

1st stage of moral development in which children seek to avoid punishment or gain reward when determining right from wrong

Pavlovian Methods in the Military

The use of transmarginal inhibition (TMI) techniques are used to re-program solider responses to discomfort of pain, fear

Transmarginal Inhibition

An organism's response to overwhelming stimuli, first detailed by Pavlov

Erik Erikson

stages of human growth and development: 8 states that refer to how a person interacts with their environment. Each stage is a "crisis" which needs to be resolved before a person can successfully move to the next stage

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

a test according to Carl Jung's personality types in an attempt to figure out one's personality within 4 categories:

1. Extroversion-Introversion: where do you prefer to focus your attention; where do you get your energy

2. Sensing-Intuition: how do you prefer to take in information

3. Thinking-Feeling: how do you make decisions

4. Judging-Perceiving: how do you deal with the outer world

4 areas of concern in client-counselor relationship

1. team approach to treatment planning

2. monitoring to determine progress of plan

3. development of realistic, attainable goals

4. consideration of client resources

Duty to Warn

Mental health professional's responsibility to break confidentiality and notify the potential victim whom a client has specifically threatened.

Aspirational Ethical Guidelines

Moral compulsions to behave in a way that is perceived as moral and proper

Is it ethical for a counselor to discuss a client with another professional?

only if the reason for talking to another professional is in the best interest of the client

Haley

Strategic Therapy: developing of a specific strategy to treat a specific problem; use of directives; the therapist takes responsibility for directly influencing clients

3 goals of Behavioral Group Approach

1) develop social skills

2) teach the skills necessary to function in society

3) help teach the skills necessary to adapt to whatever the situation is

Salvador Minuchin

Structural Family Therapy: uses joining, enactment, boundary making, and mimesis techniques

Joining

Structural Family Therapy Intervention: therapists attempt at greeting and bonding with family members

Enactment

Structural Family Therapy Intervention: family members are asked to act out the problem situation to bring insight into the family dynamics

Boundary Making

Structural Family Therapy Intervention: aimed at realigning boundaries within a family by changing the psychological proximity (closer or further apart) between family subsystems

Mimesis

Structural Family Therapy Intervention: the therapist mimics the positive and negative behavior patterns of individual family members

Advantages of Group Counseling

1) extension of client social support system 2) improved ability to communicate

Positive Group Actions

a) attend to the person speaking

b) no interrupting or distracting behavior

c) encourage each member to voice their thoughts

d) take steps outside group to meet goals

3 Leadership Styles

1) autocratic (authoritarian)

2) democratic

3) lassies-fare

Autocratic (Authoritarian) Leadership

leader forces themselves into group dialog often and is always right

Democratic Leadership

the group and the leader work together to facilitate the group

Laisses-Faire Leadership

the group runs itself according to its own rules

Incongruous Hierarchy

a family relationship in which a child controls the family dynamic in trying to change their parent

Socioeconomic Classes

1) upper class

2) upper middle class

3) lower middle class

4) working class

5) working poor

6) poor

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

auditory &/or visual hallucinations, delusions, paranoia,

Dual-Diagnosis

when an individual is diagnosed with both a psychiatric disorder and a substance use disorder

Info in a Treatment Plan

a) client diagnosis & codes

b) major goals for treatment

c) timeline for goal achievement

d) interventions

e) signatures of client and counselor

Stress Management Techniques

a) exercise

b) relaxation- deep breathing, music

c) socialization

d) sleep

Null Hypothesis

exists when the researcher's original hypothesis is incorrect

Operational Definition

the process of describing, setting up, and defining a valid research experiment

Ethical Principles of Research

1) protecting the rights of participants

2) research is consistent with organization's rules, standards of practice, and all laws

3) the counselor is responsible for actions taken by those under their supervision

4) respect of the culture of participants

5) minimize the harm done to participants

Integrated Developmental Model

Designed by Delworth & Stoltenberg, states counselor skills can be developed in 8 domains: client assessment, ethics, interpersonal assessment, conceptualization, intervention, serving people with different needs, understanding & applying theory, treatment planning & goal setting

Hypothesis Testing

hypothesis is a theory based on observations but are of no use unless they are tested. All hypothesis are subject to rigorous experimentation to determine truthfulness

4 Methods of Sampling

1) Random Sampling

2) Cluster Sampling

3) Stratified Sampling

4) Horizontal Sampling

Random Sampling

participants are taken from the general population without regard to characteristics then randomly assigned to a control experimental group

Cluster Sampling

participants are randomly selected from a pool of people easily accessible

Stratified Sampling

participants are selected for specific traits or characteristics

Horizontal Sampling

all study participants share a specific set of characteristics.

3 Characteristics of an effective qualitative research strategy

1. credibility of sources

2. dependability of sources

3. transferability of results to a larger population

Clinical Supervision

a process in which an organization provides monitoring and evaluation of the performance of its counselors.

Basic Research

research conducted in the field of theory

Applied Research

the practical use of experimental data

Control Group

the group that does not receive the experimental treatment.

Experimental Group

the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested

Statistical Regression

The skewing of results that may happen if the intervention is administered only once; change in the dependent variable due to the temporary nature of extreme values; threat to internal validity

5 Main qualitative research strategies

1) Grounded Theory

2) Ethnographic

3) Narrative

4) Phenomenological

5) Case Studies