zoology exam 2

ability to do work

energy

energy of moving things

kinetic energy

stored energy

potential energy

energy is neither created nor destroyed, it just changes forms

1st law of thermodynamics

all energy transfers are inefficient, every time energy changes forms, some of it turns to heat

2nd law of thermodynamics

at what point in the molecule is the energy tied up in its covalent bonds

substrate

true or false: enzymes lower the energy of activation

true

mutation might not change the shape of the resulting protein or the change in shape is not important

silent mutation

the mutation makes the protein worse

deleterious mutation

the mutation makes the protein better

beneficial mutation

how to get energy from food and transfer it into ATP

metabolism or cellular respiration

3 main steps of cellular respiration are

glycolysis, citric acid (krebs) cycle, electron transport chain

what step in cellular respiration does not require oxygen

glycolysis

where does glycolysis take place

cytolplasm

how many ATP do we gain from Glycolysis

2

what happens to the 6 carbons in glucose

forms 2 pyruvic acids

what happens to pyruvic acid if oxygen is not present

converted to lactate (fermentation)

where does the citric acid cycle (krebs cycle) take place

mitochondrion

if oxygen is present what does the pyruvic acid convert to

Acetyle-Coa

what part of cellular respiration is water a key factor of

krebs cycle

how many atp do we get from each krebs cycle

1

what important molecule is formed in the krebs cycle

NADH and FADH2

chain of enzymes that transport electrons to oxygen

electron transport chain

where does the electron transport chain occur

the matrix of the mitochondrion

where do the protons get pumped during electron transport chain

intermembrane space of mitochondrion

using oxygen to make ADP into ATP

oxidative phosphorylation or aerobic metabolism or aerobic respiration

why did glycolysis form first

prokaryotes did not have organelles

what does ammonia binds with that makes it toxic

a-ketoglutarate from the krebs cycle

division of somatic (body cells)

mitosis

mitosis starts with 1 cell and ends with

2 identical daughter cells

creation of gametes

meiosis

meiosis starts with 1 diploid cell and ends with

4 unique haploid cells

sub phase of interphase described by first gap, cell is growing

G1 phase

sub phase of interphase described by synthesis, DNA is copied

S phase

sub phase of interphase described by second gap, cell grows some more

G2 phase

during _ chromosomes cannot be seen but during — they can be

interphase, mitosis

during S phase we start with 1 chromosome and end up with

2 sister chromatids

four phases of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

at the end of mitosis we get _ were the cell splits in two

cytokinesis

what phase forms the classic x pattern

prophase

what phase occurs when sister chromatids line up along the equator

metaphase

how many chromosomes and how many chromatids

4 chromosomes and 8 chromatids

what is blue and what is orange

kinetochore and centromere

what phase does sister chromatids get ripped about forming 2 daughter chromosomes

anaphase

how many chromosomes

8

what phase will have v shaped chromosomes being pulled toward the poles

anaphase

what phase of mitosis do chromosomes start to stretch out again and microtubules disappear

telophase

in animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by a proccess known as —— forming a —-

cleavage, cleavage furrow

in plants what forms during cytokinesis

cell plate

prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

uncontrolled cell division =

cancer

tumor stays in 1 place, does not affect nearby tissue

benign

tumor infiltrates nearby tissue

malignant

what do we call different forms of the same gene

alleles

which of these has more chromosomes than you? chimp, chicken, goldfish

all of these

chromosomes in a —- pair are the same length and shape and carry genes controlling the same inherited characters

homologous

do the homologous pairs carry the same alleles

maybe

where you find a gene on a chromosome is called a ___

locus

what pair of chromosomes are not well matched

sex chromosomes

human sex chromosomes are called

X and Y

female chromosomes vs male

female are XX while male are XY

humans have 24 chromosomes but 2 are sex chromosomes what are the other 22 pairs

autosomes

birds use the ZW system in birds, who or what determines the chick’s sex

mother

birds and reptiles are closely. in snapping turtles who or what determines the sex of the offsrping

temperature (very hot/cold=female)

bearded dragons use a ZW system like birds, but they’re reptiles. A ZZ bearded dragon develops in a very hot nest what does it become

female

a —- (2n) has two sets of chromosomes

diploid cell

a gametes contains a single set of chromosomes and is a

haploid

what is the haploid number for humans

23

four phases of division in meiosis 1

prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1 and cytokinesis

what happens during prophase

nuclear membrane dissolved, chromosomes condense, and spindle forms

how is prophase 1 different from prophase inn mitosis

chromosomes pair into homologous pairs and crossing over happens

mix of your mother and father alleles is termed

crossing over

how is metaphase 1 different from metaphase in mitosis

both line up at the equator but metaphase 1 line up in homologous pairs

what happens during anaphase 1

pairs of homologous chromosomes separate but sister chromatids stay together

after cytokinesis 1 how much dna is in each cell

haploid chromosomes, 2x the dna of a gamete

how is meiosis 11 different from mitosis phases

half as many chromosomes

how are mitosis and meiosis the same

interphase with G1, S, G2 and replication of DNA during S phase

how are mitosis and meiosis different?

mitosis: somatic cells, make 2 identical diploid cells, only 1 cell division, homologous chromosomes do not pair up vs meiosis: germ cells, make 4 unique haploid cells, 2 cell divisions, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate during anaphase 1

what is diffusion of water called

osmosis

during osmosis what can cross the membrane

free water

if 2 solutions have the same concentration of free water they are __

isotonic

a solution that has a higher concentration of free water is called

hypotonic

a solution that has a lower concentration of free water is called

hypertonic

is the inside of your cells isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic relative to pure water?

hypertonic

what happens if you put one of your cells in pure water

it will swell

which pees more: a freshwater fish or a saltwater fish

freshwater fish

nucleic acids are made of monomers called ___

nucleotids

each nucleotide has 3 parts:

nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate

2 strands of dna are antiparallel. how are they held together

hydrogen bonds

when is dna replicated

s phase of interphase

dna replication is ___

semiconservative

what unzips the 2 strands of DNA

dna helicase

during DNA replication what is attached to each strand to act as primers

small pieces of RNA

what builds a DNA strand starting from the RNA primer

DNA polymerase

DNA is built in what direction

5’ to 3’

a gene is —- into a piece of RNA which is —— into a protein

transcribed, translated

during transcription genes starts with a recognizable starting sequence called a

promoter