A&P - Lesson 1

What is topographic anatomy used for in EMS?

It helps EMTs understand the structures beneath the body surface and their positions relative to one another.

What is the standard anatomical position?

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at the sides, with palms facing forward.

What does the coronal plane divide the body into?

Front and back portions.

What does the transverse plane divide the body into?

Top and bottom portions.

How many bones are typically present in the adult skeleton?

206.

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

80.

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

126.

What structures make up the axial skeleton?

The skull, spinal column, and thorax.

What structures make up the appendicular skeleton?

The shoulder/pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and upper and lower extremities.

How many bones are in the skull?

22.

Which skull bone is movable?

The mandible, or lower jaw.

What is the cranium's main function?

To protect the brain.

What is unique about the hyoid bone?

It is a floating bone that does not form a joint with another bone.

Where is the hyoid located?

Just below the mandible.

What are two functions of the hyoid?

It helps hold the trachea open and provides attachment for tongue muscles.

How many vertebrae are in the spinal column according to the lesson?

33.

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7.

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12.

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5.

What are the five regions of the spinal column?

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx.

How are vertebrae named within a region?

By the first letter of the region and their position along the superior-inferior axis, such as T1 through T12.

What structures form the thorax?

The thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs, and sternum.

What organs does the thorax protect?

The lungs, heart, esophagus, and great vessels.

What is the sternum?

The breastbone located along the anterior midline of the thorax.

What connects the ribs to the sternum?

Costal cartilage.

Which ribs are considered true ribs?

Ribs 1 through 7.

Which ribs are considered false ribs?

Ribs 8 through 12.

Which ribs are floating ribs?

Ribs 11 and 12.

Why are ribs 11 and 12 called floating ribs?

They have no cartilage attachment to the sternum.

What is the largest bone in the body?

The femur.

What is the patella?

The kneecap; a sesamoid bone that develops after birth.

How many phalanges are in each hand or foot according to the lesson?

14.

How many phalanges are in a typical finger or toe?

Three.

Which digits have only two phalanges?

The thumb and big toe.

What does the pectoral girdle connect?

The upper extremities to the axial skeleton.

Which bones form the pectoral girdle?

The clavicles and scapulae.

What does the pelvic girdle connect?

The lower extremities to the rest of the body.

What are the five bone types listed in the lesson?

Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones.

Give an example of a long bone.

Femur or tibia.

Give an example of a short bone.

Carpal or tarsal.

Give an example of a flat bone.

An occipital bone.

Give an example of an irregular bone.

A vertebra.

Give an example of a sesamoid bone.

The patella.

What is an articulation?

A joint where two bones or cartilages meet.

What is a synovial joint?

A joint with a small gap that allows movement.

What is a fibrous joint?

A joint with no gap between the bones.

What is a cartilaginous joint?

A joint with a layer of cartilage between bones for added flexibility.

What type of movement does a hinge joint allow?

Movement mainly in one plane.

What type of movement does a ball-and-socket joint allow?

Rotation and bending in multiple directions.

What are the three types of muscle?

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.

What does skeletal muscle do?

It attaches to bones and produces body movement.

Where is smooth muscle found?

In hollow internal organs such as blood vessels.

Where is cardiac muscle found?

In the heart.

Besides movement, what other functions do muscles perform?

They help maintain posture, stabilize joints, and produce heat.