meteorology for pilots pt 2

thunderstorms are created by

cumulonimbus clouds

cumulonimbus clouds are a cross of_____ and ______ clouds

cumulus, nimbus

cumulus clouds are

tall/ vertically growing clouds

nimbus clouds are

rain/ storm clouds

thunderstorms have

great turbulance

cumuliform clouds indicate

turbulance

in turbulance it is _______ to maintain altitude

impossible

maneuvering to maintain altitude does what

creates stress on the aircraft

what should you do regarding speed in a thunderstorm

slow down to the turbulence penetration speed listed in the aircrafts manual

what should you attempt to maintain during turbulence

level flight altitude

what are the 3 stages of a thunderstorm

cumulus/developing, mature, and dissipating

what signifies the development of a thunderstorm (2)

continuous updrafts and towering culumus clouds

what signifies a mature thunderstorm

precipitation at surface

when does a thunderstorm reach its greatest intensity

maturity

what does the beginning of precipitation mark in a thunderstorm

the mature stage

what stage does a thunderstorm become a cumulonimbus cloud

mature stage

what signifies a thunderstorms dissipation

downdrafts

define cells

updraft region of growing thunderstorms

singlecell storms last usually

less than an hour

thunderstorms are categorized by

cell structure

what is a multicell thunderstorm

a cluster of cells interacting

how long does a supercell thunderstorm past

2 hours or longer

what is a gust front

a boundary of cold air that downdrafts from a storm that spreads below

how is a new cell created in a thunderstorm

a gust front gets under warm air and pushes it up

within a multicell storm cells can be at ______ which make them last longer

different stages

in a multicell storm_____ increases storm life

interaction

in a supercell thunderstorm air is _______ as it rises to a higher altitude

twisted into different directions

the organization of a supercell thunderstorm allows

the main updraft and downdrafts to stay seperate

with a supercell thunderstorm flanking lines of_______ clouds form

cumulus

supercell thunderstorms are______ and _______ than airmass thunderstorms

stronger, last longer

tornados are

violently rotating column of air beneath cumulonimbus clouds

what is a tornado called if it doesn’t reach the ground

funnelcloud

what is a tornado called if it touches water

waterspout

tornados are created by _____ storms

supercell

hail is

accretion of ice inside thunderstorms

lightning is

electrical discharge

what are the 3 thunderstorm requirements

moisture, unstable air, and lifting action

squall lines are

nonfrontal narrow bands of active thunderstorms

squall lines usually precede

fast moving cold fronts

embedded thunderstorms are

thunderstorms embedded in clouds that cannot be seen

mechanical turbulence is

turbulence due to feature on the surface such as buildings

convective turbulence is

warm pockets of air that rise until meeting the capping stable layer

can you fly abve convective turbulence

yes

when is convective turbulence stronger

during warmer months/midday

clear air turbulence is usually near_______ but can be at____

the jet stream, any altitude

clear air turbulence is

sudden movement of air masses in cloudless skies

clear air turbulence indicates

unstable atmospheric conditions

mountains create

mountain wave turbulence

mountain wave turbulence is made when stable air blows _____ knots or more

40

mountain wave turbulence has strong______ and ______

updrafts and downdrafts

_______ clouds may develop due to mountain wave turbulence

lenticular

wind shear is

any change in wind direction or speed

windshears are hazardous when

at low levels

a microburst is

a small short lived downdraft of air from thunderstorms

advection is

warm moist air over low flatland areas on calm clear night

when is advection common

when are masses move inland froom coast in winter

when does radiation happen

at night in still air when the ground cools the air above

what is precipitation induction

when precipitation falls through a layer of cold air which saturates it

steam is a type of _____ fog

advection

steam is caused by

movement of cold air over warm water

smoke is

combustion particles suspended in the air

smog is

a mix of smoke and fog

frost is when

temperature and dew point meets and the dew point is below freezing

any icing spoils______ and changes____

smooth air flow, the airfoil

when does clear ice form (temp)

2-10c

clear ice is a result of

freezing rain

rime ice forms when

droplets freeze upon contact

rime ice forms when (temp)

-15 to -20c

what appearance does rime ice have

milky white

if frost is suspected what are you meant to do for landings

use a faster approach speed

ice can increase drag by ____ %and decrease lift by _____%

40, 30

mixed ice is

clear ice x rime ice

what temp does mixed ice occur

-10 to -15c

supercooled large droplets are

much larger water droplets that may freeze beyond protected surfaces

impact icing is formed by

moisturized air at below freezing temp striking and freezing at elements of indiction