Simple Liquid Dosage Forms

Monophasic solutions are…?

1 phase, dont seperate out; homogeneous

aqueous solutions, non aqueous solutions

multiphasic solutions are…?

2 phases/liquids, clearly seperate from each other

suspensions, emulsions, colloids (extremely fine particles)

what solvents are most commonly used?

water

auxiliary solvents may be used; alcohol, glycerinm and propylene glycol

what are organic solvents?

acetone and isopropyl alcohol; too toxic for internal use

what are fixed oils?

corn oil, cotton seed oil, peanut oil, and sesame oil

usually for oleaginous injections

what are oral solutions?

when the drug is completely dissolved, usually have a sweetener, colorant, flavoring agent and preservative

stability and solubility are crucial

syrup characteristics;

a concentrated aqueous preperation of sugar/sugar substitue w/ or w/out m3eicinal agent and flavoring agent

sweet/viscous

sucrose (60%-80%, MAX 85%)

can be flavored or unflavored

used to mask poor taste/smell of liquid medications

components of syrups are…

purified water

sugar (sucrose or other substitutes)

antimicrobial preservative if needed

flavorings, FDA approved for ingestion

colorant, FDA approved for ingestion

syrup seperation types;

solution with aid of heat

agitation without heat

addition of sucrose to prepared liquid

percolation of medication/sucrose

characteristics of “solution with aid of heat” seperation type;

quickest

used for thermostable and non volatile medications and materials

sugar is added to the purified water, and heat is applied until sugar dissolves

other heat stable components are then added to the syrup

mixture cools off and volume is adjusted with purified water to get to the proper level

disadvantages of “solution with aid of heat” seperation type;

sugar inversion/hydrolysis of sugar

caramelization due to inverted sugar

sugar decomposing due to excessibve heat makes it more susceptible to microbial growth

cant be sterilized w/out autoclaving

characteristics of “agitation without heatt” seperation type;

place all ingredients together

agitate the mixture

time consuming but has max stability

medication dissolved into the minimum solvent incorporated into syrup

characteristics of “sassition of sucrose to prepared liquid” seperation type;

used if syrup is from a tincture or a fluid extract

sucrose is added to the medicated liquid and syrup is prepared

is medication liquid is water soluble, then it’s directly added to simple/flavored syrup

heat not required, stable syrup

*alcohol soluble components may precipitate when added to syrup

characteristics of “percolation” seperation type;

purified water/source of medical component is slowly passed (percolated) through a bed of crystalline sucrose

sucrose disolves → medicated syrup

cylindrical/semi cylindrical shaped percolator and course granular sucrose used

useful when the drug source is naturally occurring or plant based

Elixir characteristics;

clear, sweetened, hydroalcoholic solutions

less sweet and viscous than syrups

elixir ingredients;

alcohol, waterm co solvents (glycerin), flavoring/sweetening agents

5%-40% qlcohol content

self preserving at 12% alcohol

alcohol a disavantage for children

elixir preperation steps;

simple agitation

prepare alcoholic and aqueous solutions

add aqueous solution INTO alcoholic solution (NEVER the other way around)

filter if needed

the 2 types of elixirs are?

medicated and nondedicated

medicated elixir characteristics;

usually has one therapeutic agent

antihistamine elixirs

ex. Benadryl

tincture characteristics;

alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions from vegetable or chemical materials

15%-80% alcohol

mixing with other solutions can cause precipitation

protected form light exposure and high temperatures

solution, physiochemical definition;

molecular dispersion of two or more substances

solution, pharmaceutical definition;

liquid preparations that contain one or more substances dissolved in a suitable solvent/mixture of miscible solvents

what is a saturated solution?

a solution prepared at the max solute concentration at a given temp

purified water solvent characteristics;

used for aqueous dosage forms (except parenterals)

has a solid content level of less than 0.001% (w/v)

alcohol solvent characteristics

94.9-96% (v/v) ethyl alcohol

dehydrated alcohol is no less than 99.5% (v/v)

used as a solvent/co-solvent, good wa