Social Psych - Chapter 9

stereotypes

beliefs about personal attributes of a group

prejudice

hostile/negative attitudes about a group or its members

discrimination

hostile/negative behavior directed to a group and its members

racism

both prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior towards people of a certain race

sexism

both prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior towards people of a certain gender

heterosexism (homophobic)

both prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior towards people of differing sexualities; hetero = best mindeset

is racism disappearing?

yes, there’s interracial schools, same sex marriages are legal, and an ethnic person can run for president

modern racism

2009 - 20% said racism was a problem
2015 - only 50% said it was a problem
2020 - only 90% said it was a problem 2020
racism is still a problem, it is not as blatant

Ayers (1991)
one black female and male, one white female and male sent to a car dealership to see who would get the best offer. White male = best car deal; black female = worst car deal

Bortrand and Mulainathan (2004)
sent in job applications under traditional white and black names with same items on it. white name was called back in 1/10 apps while the black man was called back in 1/15 apps.

Harbor (1998)
presented a poorly written essay to college students to grade and just changed the name to a traditional white name or a traditional black name. students tended to grade white names harsher than the black name since they assumed the latter was poor.

Viglione (2011)
12% less prison time for women with lighter skin than women with darker skin; same for being pulled over by a cop

is sexism disappearing?

1960s - 50% said women belong in the home

2000s - dropped to 20%

subtle sexism

Gonzales and Koertner (2005)
when there’s a gender reveal party, there tends to be happiness when there’s a girl, and pride when there’s a boy
“…as long as their healthy”

1940s - 24% wanted a boy over a girl
2020 - 28% wanted a boy over a girl

Stankewiez and Rossolli (2008)
studies magazine ads, if there was a woman/girl pictures on the front of magazine, they were going to be objectified

gender stereotypes

“men should”, “women should”; acceptance over generalization which leads to conformity

Glick and Fiske (1996; 2001)
endorsement doesn’t mean we don’t see sexism, norms lead to sexism

benevolent sexism

women: contains positive attributes (warm, kind, adored) which then becomes patronizing (“women should be kinder than men”)

men: more positive attributes (provider, assertive) which leads to men thinking they cannot take care of their own family emotionally (“men are more willing to take risks than women”)

hostile sexism

“women are wanting to control men”

“when men help women, they are trying to assert their power”

is hetereosexism disappearing?

DOMA 1996 vs. 2013, legalization of gay marriage (2015), less people say it is “morally wrong” compared to 2012, DSM no longer qualifies it as a mental health condition

heterosexism

Tilcsik (2011)
resumes were sent identically to employers with one change, whether the applicant volunteered at a gay campus organization; lead to a 40% decreased chance to be invited into an interview if the volunteer information was included

social sources of prejudice

social inequalities, socialization, religion, conformity, social institutions, motivational sources, and cognitive sources

social inequalities

stereotypes rationalize inequalities since they are negative in nature
just-world phenomenon - tendency to think that the world is just and that good things happen to good people while bad things happen to bad people
Lerner and Simmons (1966) - participants were shocked when they gave the right answer, then devalued the person who shocked them when it wasn’t their fault

confirmation bias
Fiske, et al. (1999, 2002)
high status vs. low status individuals
competency vs. warmth
high status associated with competence
low status associated with warmth
low low status (homeless) were neither competent nor warm

socialization

acquired attitudes

ethnocentrism - belief that our own ethnicity is superior

religion

church membership correlates to high prejudice
Alport and Rosa (1967) - looked at membership and their reason behind it; religion is either serving a purpose in one’s life or a way of living to one; way of life believers tend to have less prejudice compared to the purpose group

conformity

Sechrest and Stanger (2001) - told participants “most people think like you” or “most people do not think like you” in regards to their attitude of black people; black confederate waiting in the waiting room then measured the distance the participants would sit away from the man (uncommon thinking = more distance, common = less distance)

social institutions

subtle prejudice - children’s books (girl plays tea party and boy fights dragons), crayons (“nude” skin tone), and band-aids

Motivational Sources

frustration, realistic group conflict theory, and social identity theory

Frustration

displayed aggression; tends to be a safer/less threatening target such as women or anyone of color.
Ned and Bugelski (1984) - one group got a night off, one group was told to stay. The group that was told to stay showed more prejudice
poor economic times led to more prejudice as well

Realistic Group Conflict Theory

Lower class shows prejudice; feels as if they’re completing for resources and it created negativity towards the competitor (normally other races)

Social Identity Theory

categorize, identify (in and out groups), and evaluate (in group bias)

Cognitive Sources

similarities and differences, distinctive cases, and attributions

Similarities and Differences

outgroup homogeneity effect - outgroup is too similar while the ingroup is diverse since one can see the subtle differences within their group due to time spent together

own race bias - tendency for people to accurately recognize someone of their own race; seen as soon as 9 months of age

Distinctive Cases

more memberable

ingroup-outgroup applies

illusory correlation

Attributions

group-serving bias - rationalize our own group
Chatman and VonHipple (2001)

consequences of prejudice

self-fulfilling prophecy and stereotype threat

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

negative attitude to a group, you can create a situation where that attribute becomes true

Word, Yanna, and Cooper (1974) - interview with black and white students; interviewing the black students saw that they did worse in the interview compared to their white student counterparts. Interviewer had a hard time making eye contact, stuttered a lot, sat farther away, and ended the meeting early for black students. The interviewer influenced performance of students during the interview

Stereotype Threat

individuals feel heightening anxiety when they believe someone is stereotyping their group, which would heighten their prejudice

Shih, Pittinsky, Ambody - women primed

Stone - black AT IO, at ability

reducing prejudice

exerting self-control, intergroup contact, and changing conditions

Exerting Self-Control

internal and external drives

Intergroup Contact

contact hypothesis (Allport, 1954) - groups must be equal status, needs personal interactions, needed sense of cooperation, and needs to be social encouraged.
Page-Gould, et al. (2008) - brought in participants and measured prejudice against Latinos, then gave a workshop having the group work with Latinos, after 1 day, prejudice against the group decreased.
Arouson, et al. (1978) - Jigsaw classroom, each group has one art of the assignment and they have to work together to complete all parts of the assignment'; reports of liking school more, higher retention, higher scores for ethnic populations

Changing Conditions

Legislation (attitudes follow acts)

Social norms

Education