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Nursing Heritage

The historical evolution of professional nursing from pre-Christian times to modern practice, including key contributions of nursing leaders.

Ambulatory Care Center

A healthcare facility offering medical, diagnostic, and treatment services on an outpatient basis without requiring hospital admission.

Assault

An intentional act or threat that creates a reasonable apprehension of immediate physical harm or offensive contact.

Associate Degree Nurse

A registered nurse who has completed a two-year nursing degree program at a college or university.

Battery

The unlawful and intentional physical contact or touching of a person without their consent.

Clinical Nurse Specialist

An advanced practice registered nurse possessing specialized clinical knowledge and skills in a specific area of nursing practice.

Community Based Nursing Care

Healthcare services delivered outside traditional hospital settings, focusing on individual and family health within community environments.

Conceptual Framework

A theoretical organization of concepts designed to guide nursing education, clinical practice, and research.

Defamation of Character

False oral or written communication that damages a person's reputation or standing in the community.

Epidemic

A rapid and widespread outbreak of an infectious disease affecting a large number of individuals within a specific population or region.

Ethics

A system of moral standards and principles governing conduct, decision-making, and duties in nursing practice.

False Imprisonment

The unlawful and intentional restraint or confinement of an individual against their will without legal authority.

Fraud

A willful misrepresentation or deliberate deception executed to secure an unlawful gain or advantage.

Health

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, rather than simply the absence of illness or infirmity.

Health Care Delivery System

The organization, institutions, and resources involved in providing healthcare services to a target population.

Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)

A managed healthcare delivery structure providing comprehensive medical care to enrolled individuals for a predetermined fee.

Hospice

A care system providing physical, emotional, and spiritual comfort care to individuals facing end-of-life terminal illnesses.

Informed Consent

A voluntary agreement given by a competent patient for a medical intervention after receiving information about risks, benefits, and alternatives.

Invasion of Privacy

The unauthorized public exposure or disclosure of a patient's personal, private, or medical details.

Liability

Legal responsibility or obligation for actions or omissions that result in injury, damage, or loss to another.

Libel

Defamation expressed in written, printed, or published format that harms an individual's reputation.

Licensure

The legal credentialing process by which a regulatory board grants authority to an individual to practice nursing.

Long Term Care

A variety of services designed to meet medical and non-medical needs of individuals with chronic illnesses or disabilities over extended periods.

Malpractice

Professional negligence by a licensed healthcare provider resulting in injury or damage due to failure to meet accepted standard of care.

Managed Care

A healthcare system intended to manage costs, quality, and access through administrative networks and capitated payment structures.

Medicaid

A joint federal and state healthcare program providing financial assistance and medical coverage for low-income individuals and families.

Medicare

A federal health insurance program primarily serving individuals aged 65 and older or those meeting specific disability requirements.

Negligence

Failure to act with the level of care that a reasonably prudent person or professional would exercise under similar circumstances.

Nurse Midwife

An advanced practice registered nurse specializing in reproductive health, prenatal care, labor, and delivery.

Nurse Practice Act

State statutes defining the legal boundaries, responsibilities, and regulated scope of practice for registered nurses.

Nurse Practitioner

An advanced practice registered nurse trained to perform physical assessments, diagnose illnesses, and manage patient care.

Nursing

The protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, and treatment of human responses.

First step in the chain of infection

Infectious agent.

Last step in the chain of infection

Susceptible host.

Fomite / Vehicle definition

An inanimate object that carries disease (e.g., pens).

Vector definition in infection control

Animals or bugs that carry disease (e.g., ticks).

Surgical asepsis

The complete absence of microorganisms (sterile technique).

Medical asepsis

Technique aimed at eliminating a large number of microorganisms.

WHO stands for

World Health Organization.

Hand hygiene method for C. diff spores

Soap and water.

Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs)

Includes UTI, MRSA, surgical site, and central line infections.

Multidrug-resistant organisms

Includes MRSA, C. diff, and Anthrax.

PPE stands for

Personal protective equipment.

Standard precautions requirement

Used for everyone; includes gloves and hand hygiene.

Three types of transmission precautions

Airborne, droplet, and contact.

Contact precautions PPE

Gloves and gown.

Droplet precautions distance and PPE

Face shield, mask, gloves; travels up to 3 feet.

Airborne precautions respirator type

N95 respirator.

Airroom airflow type for airborne precautions

Negative pressure airflow.

Disinfectant effective against C. diff

Bleach.

MRSA resistance

Resistant to methicillin.

PPE removal location for N95 respirator

Outside the patient's room.

Protective isolation airflow type

Positive airflow (pushes air outside the room).

Definition of safety

Freedom from danger, harm, and risk.

Components of a safety assessment

Nursing history, physical exam, environment, and specific risk factors.

R in RACE fire response

Rescue anyone in immediate danger.

C in RACE fire response

Confine fire.

E in RACE fire response

Evacuate.

Infant safety considerations

Safe sleep, proper nutrition, and constant supervision.

Toddler safety considerations

Car seats, fall prevention, and cutting food into small pieces.

Morse Fall Scale

A standardized fall risk assessment tool.

Definition of a physical/chemical restraint

Devices used to limit a patient's freedom.

Maximum duration for a restraint order

24 hours (no PRN orders allowed).

Definition of a sentinel event

Unexpected occurrence involving serious injury or death.

Common alternative to restraints

Bed alarms, room alarms, or a sit-with-patient monitor.

Theory of animism

An early belief system holding that good spirits brought health, while evil spirits brought sickness and death.

Florence Nightingale

Regarded as the founder of modern nursing, she defined nursing as both an art and a science, differentiated nursing from medicine, and established freestanding nursing education.

Clara Barton

Volunteered to care for wounds and feed Union soldiers during the Civil War, served as supervisor of nurses for the Army of the James, and founded the American Red Cross in 1882.

Dorothea Dix

Served as superintendent of the Female Nurses of the Army during the Civil War and was a pioneering crusader for the reform of the treatment of the mentally ill.

Mildred Montag

Established the Associate Degree in Nursing in 1958.

Lillian Wald

The founder of public health nursing who established a neighborhood nursing service for the sick poor of the Lower East Side in New York City (Henry Street Settlement).

Code of Ethics for Nurses

A document developed by the ANA outlining rules for nurses regarding client privacy, nursing conduct, and nursing behaviors to protect clients and the profession.

Autonomy

The ethical principle referring to the nurse's obligation to respect the client's right to make their own decisions regarding their health care, including the right to refuse care.

Beneficence

The ethical principle referring to the nurse's obligation to minimize harm and practice in a way that benefits the client, including going above what is required.

Nonmaleficence

The ethical principle referring to the nurse's obligation to do no harm.

Veracity

The ethical principle referring to the nurse's obligation to provide truthful and accurate information to the client.

Fidelity

The ethical principle referring to the nurse's obligation to demonstrate loyalty, keep promises, and uphold commitments.

Justice

The ethical principle referring to the nurse's obligation to provide treatment, care, and resource allocation that is impartial, fair, and equitable to all clients.

Nurse Practice Act

A legal and regulatory body created by and applicable in each individual state that establishes common definitions, rules, and regulations to guide the practice of a licensed nurse.

Public law

The category of law in which government is directly involved, regulating relationships between individuals and government.

Private law

Also known as civil law; regulates relationships among people.

Criminal law

Law concerning state and federal criminal statutes that defines criminal actions such as murder and theft.

Statutory law

Law enacted by a legislative body.

Administrative law

Law empowered and enforced by executive officers.

Common law

Body of law created by the judiciary system as it reconciles controversies.

Litigation

The process of bringing and trying a lawsuit.

Plaintiff

The person bringing a suit in a court of law.

Defendant

The person being accused of a crime, presumed innocent until proven guilty.

Crime

A wrong committed against a person or the person's property, as well as the public.

Misdemeanor

A crime punishable by fines or less than 1 year imprisonment.

Felony

A crime punishable by imprisonment for more than 1 year.

Tort

A wrong committed by a person against another person or that person's property that is tried in civil court.

Theory

A group of concepts that describe a pattern of reality, which can be tested, changed, or used to guide research.

Concepts

Abstract impressions organized into symbols of reality that describe objects, properties, events, and relationships among them.

Deductive reasoning

A method of reasoning that examines general ideas and considers specific actions or ideas.

Inductive reasoning

A method of reasoning that builds from specific ideas or actions to conclusions about general ideas.

General systems theory

A theory for universal application that breaks whole things into parts to see how they work together in systems.

Adaptation theory

A theory describing the adjustment of living matter to other living things and the environment.

Developmental theory

A theory describing orderly and predictable growth and development from conception to death.

Care transition

A continuous process in which a patient's care shifts from being provided in one setting of care to another.