Bio 221 - Cell structure

Nucleoid

Prokaryotic

genome DNA is present

1-4 copies of DNA

Gas vesicles

Hollow structure made of protein

buoyancy

Thylakoids

Photosynthesis

contains chlorophyll

Magnetosomes

membrane enclosed crystals of a magnetic iron mineral

navigation

Ribosomes

protein synthesis

Plasmids

small circular pieces of DNA

contains genes

Cell membrane

phospholipid bilayer + embedded proteins

selectively permeable

senses environmental changes

Glycocalyx

Capsule - prokaryotes

Slimy layer located outside of the cell wall

made of polysaccharides, proteins, or both

Prokaryotic cell wall

most have cell wall

cell shape - protection - surviving hypotonic conditions

bacterial cell walls have peptidoglycan

archaea made of proteins or glycoproteins

Gram positive cell wall

purple color

thick layer of cross-linked peptidoglycan

NAG

NAM

Peptidoglycan features

NAG and NAM linked with glycosidic covalent bongs

makes enzyme called Penicillin Binding Protein (PBP)

Gram negative cell wall

Pink color

thin layer of peptidoglycan

Acid fast cell wall structure

Resist decolorization by acids in staining procedures

Bacterial appendages

Flagella

Fimbrae

Flagella

used for mobility

spins like propeller

uses hooks

Fimbrae

short protein appendages used in attachment

gliding mobility

Eukaryotic cell structure

10x bigger then prokaryotic

human

Cytosol

Internal solution inside the cell membrane

mostly water

chemical rxns

part of cytoplasm

storage

Cytoskeleton

support

positioning

cell movement

transmit signals

tracks for motor protiens

Motor proteins

carries things around the cell

Microfilaments

made of actin

polar ends (+)(-)

tracks for myosin

Microtubules

alpha and beta tubulin

polar ends

tracks for dienynes and kinesins

Intermediate fillaments

nonpolar

not tracks

stable

Nucleus

Contains most of cell genetic material

double membrane system

chromosomes

Smooth ER

detoxification rxns

stores calcium ions

lipid synthesis + modification

Rough ER

associated with ribosomes

protein synthesis

modification of proteins

Chromosomes

DNA and proteins

Golgi apparatus

single membrane

sorting organelle

modification of proteins

Lysosomes

single membrane

degradation organelle

Vacuoles

prominent in plants and algae

single membrane

storage

cell support

Peroxisomes

single membrane

all eukaryotic cells

chemical rxns - degradation rxns

Semiautonomous organelles

mitochondria

chloroplast

Mitochondria

ATP production

double membrane

Chloroplasts

plants + algae

photosynthesis

Plant cell wall

strength + rigidity

cellulose

Animal cells - Extracellular matrix

strength and structure

organization

Membrane

separate internal and external

Most profound molecules in living organism

Oxygen

Carbon

Hydrogen

Nitrogen