Inflammation & Immune System Lec Notes

Lec notes

What is the cellular tissue made out of, what does it produce? What happens when it is damaged?

Cell tissue made of phospholipids that excrete phospholipase, that produces arachidonic acid. When the phospholipids are damaged, inflammation occurs.

COX

• thromboxanes

• Prostaglandins

Inflammation:

• when a cut happens, WBC are recruited to the area to help fight. That’s what causes inflammation

First Phase inflammation

Early/vascular phase of inflammation

• initial paper cut/scrape

• Lasts one week

• Vasodilation, swelling

Phase 2 inflammation

Delayed/Cellular Phase

• hours to days after injury

• Should go down, if not, swelling and painful

• Reduced blood flow

Decreased function due to inflammation

inflammation is the body trying to fight, but if not at controlled rate, can do more harm than good. Meds keep it to controlled level

COX functions

COX 1 = housekeeping prostaglandins (the better ones tech)

• GI mucus production

• Renal perfusion

COX 2 = inflammation

What do NSAIDS target?

Cyclooxygenase - COX

• have COX-specific NSAIDS

• Blocking COX-2 is better than COX-1 bc has good prostaglandins, and getting rid of excessive inflammation

NSAIDS vs Steroids

NSAIDS = COX inhibitor

Steroid = blocks phospholipase (which is earlier on, and non-specific, blocks wider range of things INCLUDING COX0

FSH/LH contribute to what and release what (remember Foal Watch)

FSH/LH contribute to development of mature ovarian follicles

• releases Progestoerone = pregnancy

Reproductive

• progesterone vs prostaglanding increase results in what?

• gonadotropin?

• Anabolic agents?

• increase progesterone SUPPRESSES ovulation/estrus —> hormone keeping pregnancy

• increase prostaglandin STIMS ovulation/estrus

• increase Gonadotropin promotes Ovulation

• Anabolic agents INCREASE weight gain/muscle mass (equine/food animals) = DECREASE progesterone = promotes ovulation

NSAIDS (non steroid anti-inflammatory drugs)

PROFENs

• ibuprofen toxic to animals bc narrow thera range

• carpofen, ketoprofen, naproxen (equiproxen)

• KETOPROFEN inhibits COX and lipoxygenase

  • inhibiting cox = inhibiting inflam

COXb (cox2) inhibitors

• remmeber xx’s

• deracoxib - Deramaxx

• firocoxib - Previcox, Equioxx

• ROBENACOXIB - Onsior = APPROVED FOR CATS

• Meloxicam - cats/dogs

  • CATS be careful, adverse renal failure

  • anticancer effects

• Piroxicm

Adverse effects for NSAIDS

Across the board

• GI signs (naseua, GI upset)

• nephrooxicity

• hepatotoxicity

Non-specific COX-inhibitors

Flunixin megulmine

• banamine, flunixamine

  • farm animals

• Diclofenac sodium

  • Topical alternative (esp. eye ulcer)

• Tolfenamic acid

  • Canada/Eu, we don’t use here

Special Mention Grapiprant NSAID

Grapiprant = Galliprant

• NOT