Chapter 2: LEARNERS WITH SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS

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Last updated 12:27 AM on 10/6/26
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8 Terms

1
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The types of History

  1. Historical View

  • used to be explained as something mythological or religious beliefs

  • caused by spirits

  • as punishments for wrongdoings


  1. Medical Model

  • a problem of individual

  • biological/medical causes

  • impairment of body structure/function

  • medical conditions

  • professional medical care

  • find treatment/cure


2
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3 Stages

  1. Impairment

  • abnormal organ function


  1. disability

  • activity limitation


  1. handicap

  • participation restriction


3
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Social Model of Disability

  1. focuses on:

  • social barriers + discrimination

  • solutions focus on: removing barriers + social change


4
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Special Education Law

  1. Act 685 = Persons with Disabilities Act 2008

  • disable people should not be excluded from general education.

  • pre-school + primary + secondary + higher education + vocational training + lifelong learning

Reasonable Accommodation: edu should provide support [InsideEverythingToTeachComels]

  • infrastructure

  • equipment

  • teaching materials

  • teaching methods

  • curriculum

  • other forms of support


Facilitate:

  • braille

  • alternative scripts

  • alternative communication

  • orientation and mobility skills

  • peer support

  • mentoring


5
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Non-academic Factors

  1. children’s development influenced by:

  • school

  • biological

  • environmental


  1. childrens with disabilities may face:

  • poverty

  • discrimination

  • poor interaction

  • institutionalisation

  • violence

  • caregiver abuse/neglect

  • limited access to programmes and services


6
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Why support development of children with disabilities?

  1. Early Childhood Intervention (ECD): support children

  • are at risk of developmental delay

  1. Purposes:

  • enhance children’s development and resilience

  • strengthening family competencies

  • promoting social inclusion

  1. Examples of ECI services:

  • medical

  • rehabilitation

  • therapy

  • assistive devices

  • family training/counselling

  • psychological/social services

  • special education


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Twin-track Approach

  1. track 1 — mainstream programmes/services

  • healthcare

  • childcare

  • education


  1. track 2 — targeted services

  • Early Childhood Intervention


8
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Community-based Rehabilitation (CBR)

  1. addresses needs of children with disabilities by bringing together:

  • children/families

  • communities

  • government

  • non-government

  • health services

  • education

  • vocational/social services


  1. main idea:

  • support and empower people with disabilities and their families through the community.