Comparative Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering fundamental concepts of animal anatomy, cytology, cellular adaptations, osteology, skeletal structures, and myology from the comparative veterinary lecture notes.

Anatomy

The branch of natural science which deals with the study of parts and structures of animals.

Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)

The branch of anatomy that deals with body parts invisible to the naked eye, such as blood cells, hepatocytes, enterocytes, and osteocytes.

Macroscopic Anatomy (Gross Anatomy)

The branch of anatomy that deals with body parts and organs visible to the naked eye.

Comparative Veterinary Anatomy

The study that deals with similarities and differences between body parts of domestic animals, including their external parts and internal organs.

Osteology

The study of bones.

Myology

The study of muscles.

Arthrology (Syndesmology)

The study of joints and articulation.

Splanchnology

The study of visceral organs belonging to the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems.

Anesthesiology (Anatomy Branch)

The branch of anatomy that deals with the study of special senses, such as the eyes and ears.

Angiology

The study of cardiovascular and circulatory structures.

Neurology

The study of the nervous system.

Cell

The basic structural and functional unit of life.

Atrophy

A qualitative decrease in the size of cells.

Hypertrophy

A qualitative increase in the size of cells.

Hyperplasia

A qualitative increase in the number of cells.

Metaplasia

The transformation of one cell type into another.

Anaplasia

The reversion of a cell resulting in a lack of normal structure.

Dysplasia

An abnormality in the size, shape, and orientation of a cell.

Neoplasia

The formation of new cells with atypical cellular structure and increased mitotic figures; known as the hallmark of tumor cancer cells.

Protoplasm

The collective term for the different substances that make up a cell, consisting of water, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and electrolytes.

Glycocalyx

The carbohydrate component of the cell membrane.

Interphase

The longest phase and resting phase of the cell cycle, divided into G1, S phase, and G2.

Mitochondrion

A boat- or sausage-shaped organelle regarded as the powerhouse of the cell, producing energy in the form of ATP through the Krebs cycle.

Golgi Apparatus

A half-moon- or crescent-shaped organelle that serves as the packaging center for secretory products of the rough ER and smooth ER prior to cellular release.

Axial Skeleton

The division of the skeleton situated along the longitudinal axis, consisting of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

Appendicular Skeleton

The division of the skeleton consisting of the bones of the anterior limb and posterior limb.

Splanchnic Skeleton

The division of the skeleton comprising bones located within internal organs, including the os penis, os rostri, os cordis, os clitoris, and os entoglossum.

Os penis (Baculum)

A splanchnic bone present in the reproductive organ of dogs.

Os rostri

A square-shaped splanchnic bone present in the snout of pigs.

Os cordis

A splanchnic bone present in the heart of ox/cattle.

Os entoglossum

A splanchnic bone present in the tongue of chickens.

Calcitonin

A hormone secreted by parafollicular cells in mammals and the ultimobranchial body in chickens that stimulates bone mineralization by transferring calcium salts from blood to bone.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A hormone that stimulates bone demineralization by withdrawing calcium salts from bone to increase calcium levels in the blood.

Nutrient Foramen

A perforation or opening through which nutrients enter the bone marrow of a long bone.

Pneumatic Bones

Hollow bones containing air spaces connected to the respiratory system, found in birds (examples include the humerus, clavicle, and sternum).

Sesamoid Bones

Bones resembling the shape of a sesame seed, the largest of which is the patella (kneecap).

Atlas

The first cervical vertebra, marked by the presence of the fovea dentis and alar wings.

Axis (Epistropheus)

The second cervical vertebra, marked by an odontoid process that articulates with the fovea dentis and a broad spinous process.

Anticlinal Vertebra

A thoracic vertebra having a spinous process that is perpendicular to the long axis of the thoracic vertebrae.

Pygostyle

A structure formed by the fusion of $6$ coccygeal/caudal vertebrae in birds, located near the oil-secreting uropygial gland.

Sternal Ribs

True ribs that articulate directly with the sternum ventrally and distally.

Asternal Ribs

False ribs that do not articulate directly with the sternum.

Quadrate Bone

A square-shaped bone in the skull of chickens that allows extensive opening of the mouth.

Fibula (Brooch Bone)

The bone of the crus (true leg) that articulates laterally alongside the tibia.

Synarcosis

The muscular union that attaches the anterior limb to the trunk of the body.