Oral Pathology and Dental Anomalies

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering oral mucosal pathology, soft tissue lesions, and developmental dental anomalies based on lecture slides from Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul.

Desquamative Gingivitis

A clinical presentation featuring erythema, erosion, and peeling of the gingival and mucosal tissue, frequently seen in chronic bullous conditions such as mucous membrane pemphigoid.

Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid (Penfigoide das Membranas Mucosas)

A chronic autoimmune subepithelial vesiculobullous disease primarily affecting oral mucosa and gingiva, leading to blister formation, desquamation, and painful erosions.

Minor Aphthous Ulcers (Úlceras Aftosas Menores)

Painful, single, oval ulcers measuring less than $0.5\,\text{cm}$ in their greatest diameter, covered by a yellowish fibrinous membrane and surrounded by an erythematous halo.

Major Aphthous Ulcers (Úlceras Aftosas Maiores)

Large, crateriform oral ulcers measuring greater than $0.5\,\text{cm}$ ($> 0.5\,\text{cm}$) that are more painful and persistent than minor aphthae and heal with scar formation (cicatriz).

Herpetiform Aphthous Ulcers (Úlceras Aftosas Herpetiformes)

Multiple recurrent, pinhead-sized ulcers measuring about $1\text{--}2\,\text{mm}$ in diameter occurring simultaneously, representing $1$ in $10$ cases of aphthae, lasting from $1\,\text{week}$ to $2\,\text{months}$, and not caused by herpes simplex virus infection.

Lichen Planus (Líquen Plano)

A chronic inflammatory disorder manifesting on the oral mucosa as white reticular striations (Wickham striae), erythematous areas, or plaques on the buccal mucosa, palate, and other mucosal sites.

Leukoplakia (Leucoplasia)

A predominantly white mucosal plaque or lesion of the oral cavity that cannot be clinically or pathologically characterized as any other definable entity.

Erythroplasia (Eritroplasia)

A red mucosal lesion or patch of the oral cavity that cannot be clinically or pathologically identified as any other specific disease.

Pigmented Nevus (Nevus Pigmentado)

A benign circumscribed pigmented lesion of melanocytic origin that shows no sex predilection (sem predileção por sexo).

Actinic Cheilitis (Queilite Actínica)

A potentially malignant alteration of the lip vermilion caused by chronic solar radiation, presenting with scaling, erythema, atrophy, ulceration, and loss of vermilion border definition.

Leucoedema

A condition considered hereditary that presents clinically as a diffuse, opalescent, grayish-white area of the oral mucosa that disappears upon stretching.

Mucosal Stretching Maneuver (Manobra de Estiramento)

A clinical diagnostic test used for leucoedema wherein the cheek is stretched horizontally; the white appearance disappears upon stretching and returns once released.

Hypodontia (Hipodontia)

A developmental anomaly of tooth number characterized by the congenital absence of $1$ to $5$ teeth.

Oligodontia

A developmental anomaly of tooth number characterized by the congenital absence of $6$ or more teeth.

Hyperdontia (Hiperdontia)

A numerical dental anomaly characterized by the development of supernumerary (extra) teeth beyond the normal dentition series, such as a fourth molar (quarto-molar).

Mesiodens (Mesiodente / Mesiodonto)

A supernumerary tooth located in the maxillary anterior midline between the central incisors.

Taurodontism (Taurodontia)

An enlargement of the crown and pulp chamber of a multi-radicular tooth with apical displacement of the pulpal floor and bifurcation of the roots.

Enamel Pearl (Pérola de Esmalte)

A hemispherical calcified ectopic structure projecting from the root surface, composed entirely of enamel or containing underlying dentin and pulp tissue.

Dentinogenesis Imperfecta (Dentinogênese Imperfeita)

A hereditary dentin defect characterized by grayish-blue to yellowish-brown tooth discoloration, bulbous crowns with cervical constriction, obliterated pulp chambers and root canals, and hypomineralized dentin prone to rapid wear.

Dilaceration (Dilaceração)

A developmental dental anomaly marked by an abnormal curvature or angulation in the root or, less commonly, the crown of a tooth, which can delay spontaneous eruption or cause intraosseous impaction (Freitas, 2000).

Talon Cusp (Cúspide em Garra)

An accessory cusp projection typically located on the cingulum area of an anterior tooth, frequently reported in individuals with Rubistein-Taybi syndrome (Bultros, 2004).

Gemination (Germinação)

A developmental dental anomaly originating from a single tooth germ that attempts to divide, clinically resulting in a bifid crown with a single root and a single common pulp chamber.

Fusion (Fusão)

A developmental dental anomaly resulting from the union of two separate tooth germs during odontogenesis, characterized by confluent dentin and two separate pulp chambers.

Concrescence (Concrescência)

A condition in which two independently formed adjacent teeth become united exclusively by cementum along their root surfaces.

Amelogenesis Imperfecta (Amelogênese Imperfeita)

A group of hereditary conditions affecting dental enamel of both deciduous and permanent teeth without systemic manifestations (Aldred; Crawford; Savarirayan, 2003), characterized by increased tooth sensitivity, aesthetic compromise, yellowish discoloration, and pitted or hypocalcified defects.