Thẻ ghi nhớ: IEI-AD - City and Country

high-capacity (a)

Sub-topic: City.

Able to handle high volumes of goods or people.

(Perhaps the main cause of transport delay and long journey is the lack of investment or funding for infrastructure in the form of .................. public transport and increased road space for private vehicles.)

congestion (n)

Sub-topic: City.

The situation of too much traffic, causing delays.

(The fact that too many vehicles use the existing network traffic makes .................... is inevitable.)

conurbations (n)

Sub-topic: City.

Very large cities which have absorbed other towns.

(Many ..................... also lack finance for transport hubs, such as integrated road and rail facilities which could connect public and private transport, thus reducing bottlenecks.)

transport hubs (n)

Sub-topic: City.

Centers where many routes converge.

(Many conurbations also lack finance for ......................, such as integrated road and rail facilities which could connect public and private transport, thus reducing bottlenecks.)

amenities (n)

Sub-topic: City.

Places providing any service to the public, either private or public sector.

(A further cause of transport delay seems to be the problem of overcrowding in cities, whereby people migrate from the hinterland and settle in urban areas, putting strain on ................., housing and above all on transport capacity.)

a bottleneck (n)

Sub-topic: City.

A place where congestion regularly happens.

(The construction work is causing ................... in the city center.)

overcrowding (n)

Sub-topic: City.

A situation where too many people try to live in one place.

(A further cause of transport delay seems to be the problem of ..................... in cities, whereby people migrate from the hinterland and settle in urban areas, putting strain on amenities, housing and above all on transport capacity.)

hinterland (n)

Sub-topic: City.

The area around a city affected by its development.

(A further cause of transport delay seems to be the problem of overcrowding in cities, whereby people migrate from the ................. and settle in urban areas, putting strain on amenities, housing and above all on transport capacity.)

urban sprawl (n)

Sub-topic: City.

The situation where a city expands and buildings are constructed without control or laws.

(Although some would argue that ........................ has its benefits, such as creating local economic growth, it has many negative consequences for residents and the environment, such as higher water and air pollution, increased traffic congestion, loss of agricultural capacity, etc.)

public-private partnerships (n)

Sub-topic: City.

Projects funded jointly by the government and businesses to reduce the cost to the taxpayer.

(Regarding potential solutions to transport delays, probably the main remedy would be to encourage investment in better infrastructure, for example through subsidies or ................................... as was tried successfully in Germany during the 1990's.)

civic pride (n)

Sub-topic: City.

The pride felt in the town/city where you live, its people and infrastructure.

(Examining ....................... is important because it shapes and reflects the values and aspirations local governments stand for and represent.)

tax incentives (n)

Sub-topic: City.

Reductions in tax to encourage people to do or buy something.

(Another solution to traffic delays may be to use ..................... to allow more home working so that there is less need to commute from the suburbs to the inner city for work.)

commute (v)

Sub-topic: City.

To travel a long distance to work every day.

(Another solution to traffic delays may be to use tax incentives to allow more home working, so that there is less need to ................... from the suburbs to the inner city for work.)

the inner city (n)

Sub-topic: City.

The older, central part of a city.

(Another solution to traffic delays may be to use tax incentives to allow more home working so that there is less need to commute from the suburbs to ........................................ for work.)

communal car-pooling (n)

Sub-topic: City.

A voluntary system for people to travel in a shared car, to reduce fuel use.

(A final response to traffic delays might be the development of more flexible patterns of transport, such as ............................., which would reduce reliance on existing systems and vehicles.)

innovations (n)

Sub-topic: City.

New ideas or things (which are usually useful or exciting).

(Mobile computing was one of the greatest ........................ of the last ten years.)

a burden (n)

Sub-topic: City.

A weight or responsibility which is difficult to cope with.

(Possible solutions would involve better funding, and also innovations in ways of working and travelling to reduce the .............. on the system.)

city dwellers (n)

Sub-topic: City.

People who lives in a city.

(There has been a surge of interest in moving to the country due to the changing priorities of ................................ during the coronavirus lockdown, estate agents have said.)

a fast pace of life

Sub-topic: City.

A life in which changes and events occur quickly.

(The original research showed there was a higher risk of heart disease in cities which had ...................)

high living costs (n)

Sub-topic: City.

A large amount of money needed to sustain a certain standard of living by affording expenses such as housing, food, taxes, and healthcare.

(According to the report, these cities "rank very low" for quality of life, mostly due to ...................., crime and pollution.)

face financial difficulties

Sub-topic: City.

(Have current or impending financial conditions that impair or may impair the ability of a provider to meet existing or future obligations.

People from black, Asian and other minority ethnic communities were more likely to .................................. before the crisis) .

metropolis

Sub-topic: City.

A very large city, often the most important city in a large area or country.

(An increasing number of people are moving to large ........................... in the hope of a better future.)

intensive urban growth

Sub-topic: City.

A high rate at which the population of an urban area increases.

(Vietnam is currently experiencing one of the most ..................................... in the world. Its urban population doubled over the last thirty years.)

residential areas (n)

Sub-topic: City.

A land used in which housing predominates.

(Brooklyn is both an important industrial center and a densely populated ...........................)

industrial zones (n)

Sub-topic: City.

A zone established by zoning authorities as being most appropriate for industry or manufacturing.

(Factories may be required to be sited at some distance from residential areas in specially designated ...........................)

environmental degradation

Sub-topic: City.

The deterioration in environmental quality.

(More than 60 of the population is rurally based and depends directly on natural environment, and in turn, induces ................................ in a large extent.)

a sedentary lifestyle

Sub-topic: City.

A lifestyle with a lot of sitting and lying down, with very little to no exercise.

(Explaining how new technology had threatened face-to-face socialising, he added: 'It's not just ............................. and high calorie foods, but an increasing lack of social engagement.)

informal settlements

Sub-topic: City.

Areas where groups of housing units have been constructed on land that the occupants have no legal claim to.

(In general, groups and sub-groups continually form, reform and dissolve within ................................)

inadequate sewage facilities

Sub-topic: City.

The lack of facilities for collecting, pumping, treating and disposing of sewage or for conveying treated sewage to points of reuse.

(................................. do not only lead to numerous health-related problems but it is also a contributor to water contamination).

sanitation (n)

Sub-topic: City.

Conditions relating to public health, especially the provision of clean drinking water and adequate sewage disposal.

(The great infectious epidemics responded to a combination of improved .......... and hygiene, vaccination programmes and antibiotics.)

medical services

Sub-topic: City.

A public service that provides medical treatment.

(Village schooling and primary health care will be available locally, with more advanced education and ......................... in the main centres.)

lower work productivity

Sub-topic: City.

Reduce the amount of work that once can produce over a certain period.

(Increasing unproductive travel time not only causes stress and tiredness but also ..................)

toxic emissions

Sub-topic: City.

Pollutants that cause or may cause cancer or other serious health effects.

(Another drawback of living in a major city is poor air quality caused by the significant rise in the amount of ............................ released from power plants and industrial sites in recent years. )

urban policymakers (n)

Sub-topic: City.

A member of a government department, legislature, or other organization who is responsible for making new rules, laws.

(There are a number of approaches that ............................ can implement to tackle population explosion in major cities.)

charging peak-hour tolls

Sub-topic: City.

To charge drivers an amount of money when they want to use a road or cross a bridge.

(The government could also consider ............................ to discourage drivers from travelling during peak periods.)

hazardous gas emissions

Sub-topic: City.

The release of dangerous gases and/or their precursors into the atmosphere over a specified area and period of time.

(In order to improve the quality of air in major metropolises, stricter regulations should be imposed to limit ............................. and encourage the use of more environmentally friendly energy sources.)

cosmopolitan city (n)

Sub-topic: City.

A city where people from various parts of the world live, with different languages, cultures and customs live together.

(Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam, is a bustling and ............................)

integrated transport system

Sub-topic: City.

A multi-modal transport system where different modes of transport are efficiently linked with each other.

(A modern metropolis needs a good ........................)

breed crime

Sub-topic: City.

Cause / lead to crime

(Poverty in the inner-city areas can ..................)

population explosion

Sub-topic: City.

A sudden increase in the number of individuals in a particular species.

(The potential ............................ would have tremendous repercussions on the region's physical resources such as land.)

anonymity (n)

Sub-topic: City.

The situation in which someone's name is not given or known.

(A lot of people appreciate the ........................ of living in a large city.)

peak periods

Sub-topic: City.

The busiest or most popular time.

(In Singapore, private cars are banned from the Central Business District at ..............................).

"exorbitant (a)

Sub-topic: City.

Exorbitant prices, demands, etc. are much too large.

(Prices in London are particularly ..................)

pedestrian precincts (n)

Sub-topic: City.

An area of shops where no cars are allowed.

(Everywhere you go there are building sites, ............................, blocks of flats and housing estates spreading into the countryside.)

melting pot

Sub-topic: City.

A place where many different people and ideas exist together, often mixing and producing something new.

(New Orleans is one of the great .......... of America.)

cobbled streets

Sub-topic: City.

Made of a regular pattern of stones.

(The city skyline is a wonderful mix of old and new, and the city itself has a lot of busy, narrow ..............).

quaint old buildings

Sub-topic: City.

Attractive because of being unusual and especially old-fashioned.

(The old town has a lot of ...... dating back to the city's foundation in 1500s.)

upmarket shops

Sub-topic: City.

Shops for people with expensive tastes.

(Trang Tien street has a lot of ........ which are rather pricey, and sometimes, overpriced.)

be lined with shops

Sub-topic: City.

Have a lot of shops.

(Bui Vien is a hangout hotspot in District 1, which is ........ . Besides, the street is also full of lively bars and fashionable clubs.)

imposing building

Sub-topic: City.

Large and impressive building.

(The most ....... in the Hanoi was the Joseph's cathedral on Nha Chung street.)

urban wasteland

Sub-topic: City.

A city area which is empty and in a bad condition.

(Some of the inner city areas are an ........ and are somewhat dangerous for visitors.)

no-go areas

Sub-topic: City.

Where police and other authorities are afraid to enter.

(Some streets have become ...... with high crime.)

run-down buildings

Sub-topic: City.

Buildings that are in very bad conditions.

(Many streets are strewn with litter and there are numerous .......)

bumper to bumper traffic

Sub-topic: City.

So many cars that they are almost touching each other.

(Hanoi is a sprawling city with ......... all day long.)

incessant soar

Sub-topic: City.

very loud noise which never stops.

(The ........ of trucks and buses make the city an extremely noisy place.)

a backwater

Sub-topic: Country.

an area of a country where little of interest happens.

(I used to live in an agricultural town, but frankly it was such ............ that I moved to one of the larger cities.)

rural depopulation

Sub-topic: Country.

the long-term trend for people to migrate from the countryside to cities, leaving the rural areas with few people.

(............. can cause huge problems with local infrastructure, as there aren't enough people to run the services and transport.)

material considerations

Sub-topic: Country.

concerns about money and material possessions.

(Life in the countryside has rewards which go beyond ............)

subsistence (a)

"Sub-topic: Country.

adjective meaning 'producing just enough to live on'.

(1/ ...... farmers grow their own food but have little left to sell for profit.)

(2/ The abundance of natural resources such as land, wildlife forestry and water bodies means that a comparatively simple life can be lived at a ........... level.)

self-sufficient

Sub-topic: Country.

not needing to import or buy resources from outside the farm or country.

(Many country residents are ............. smallholders in this sense, safeguarding them from the changes in the wider economy which can afflict city dwellers.)

animal husbandry

Sub-topic: Country.

the skill of keeping animals.

(If the parents are farmers, children learn the importance of ........, methods of farming such as crop rotation and irrigation, and generally may become more in tune with the natural world as a result.)

far-flung

Sub-topic: Country.

remote or far away.

(Communications are reducing the risk of isolation in such ........ communities.)

remote viewing

Sub-topic: Country.

viewing places by Internet, not in person.

(As technology enables children to undertake distance learning or ............. of cultural attractions such as museums, they should be less isolated from their cultural heritage.)

gentle landscape

Sub-topic: Country.

a landscape with nothing extreme or threatening about it.

(From my room, I look out over the surrounding countryside, which is a ........ with rivers and open fields.)

bleak landscape

Sub-topic: Country.

A landscape that is cold and unattractive, nothing special.

(I used to live in an agricultural town, but frankly it was such a backwater with .......... of rocky mountains in the distance.)

catch a glimpse of

Sub-topic: Country.

Saw for a moment.

(As we turned a corner, we ....... of a kingfisher standing on the water surface.)

come into view

Sub-topic: Country.

to be seen.

(A little further, we rounded a bend and Hang Bong street came ........)

fall in to ruin

Sub-topic: Country.

Become a ruin.

(The old town .............., but it is still well worth seeing now as it stands in a dramatic setting on a steep slope beside a fast-flowing river with mountains towering above it.)

unspoilt countryside

Sub-topic: Country.

The countryside that has not been changed by industry or modern buildings.

(The cottage is in a wonderful ...... on the edge of a dense forest.)

snow-covered mountain

Sub-topic: Country.

Mountain with thick snow.

(The trees block the view of the ........)

uninterupted view

Sub-topic: Country.

Nothing blocks the view.

(From most rooms, there are ....... of the castle.)

panoramic view

Sub-topic: Country.

View over a very wide area.

(From the top floor, restaurant diners have a ..... of the countryside.)

dominate the landscape

Sub-topic: Country.

Can be seen from a long way away.

(The castle ........ for miles around.)

beach stretches

Sub-topic: Country.

Beach extends continuously.

(A beautiful ....... for miles along the coast).

arable land

Sub-topic: Country.

Land used for crops.

(There has been a huge reduction in the amount of ....... over the last twenty years.)

rural flight

Sub-topic: Country.

The migratory pattern of people from rural areas into urban areas.

(In the age of industrialization and commercialization, ..... among young generations is increasingly common.)

rural out-migration

Sub-topic: Country.

The migratory pattern of people from rural areas into urban areas.

(The youth's ....... poses a host of problems)

brain drain

Sub-topic: Country.

The situation in which large numbers of educated and very skilled people leave their own country to live and work in another one where pay and conditions are better.

(From economic perspective, rural areas are robbed of human capital due to ..........)

vicious cycle of poverty

Sub-topic: Country.

A continuing situation of poverty.

(The economic stagnation will trap many disadvantaged regions in .........., thus widening the rural-urban divide.)

widening the rural-urban divide

Sub-topic: Country.

Enlarge the gap between rural and urban areas.

(The economic stagnation will trap many disadvantaged regions in a vicious cycle of poverty, thus ......... )

economic stagnation

Sub-topic: Country.

an economy when total output is either declining, flat, or growing slowly.

(The .......... will trap many disadvantaged regions in a vicious cycle of poverty, thus widening the rural-urban divide.)

left-behind group

Sub-topic: Country.

People who remain at a lower level than others and receive fewer benefits.

(The ............... of old people is also prone to loneliness, depression and inadequate care.)

indigenous customs and values

Sub-topic: Country.

Distinctive traditions of the place.

(Another social issue of rural flight is that ........ cannot be properly handed down.)

solidify education equality

Sub-topic: Country.

(To strengthen education.

Local authorities, therefore, are advised to allocate resources to upgrade infrastructure, ............., diversify means of recreation and so on.)

boost job prospects

Sub-topic: Country.

(Increase job opportunities.

The government needs to take steps to ........ for rural youths.)

revitalizing the economy

Sub-topic: Country.

To give new life, energy, activity, or success to the economy.

(Efficient ways of .............. include incentivizing the relocations of some industries or subsidizing technology transfer and exploiting local resources.)

urban exodus

Sub-topic: Country.

The migratory pattern of people from rural areas into urban areas.

(Alleviating the youth's ........... requires appropriate measures that revolve around enhancing the living standards and employment opportunities for young people.)