BIO2 Reading 6

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Last updated 1:00 AM on 10/18/26
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19 Terms

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Catalyst

Substance that increases the rate of a reaction while remaining itself unchanged; lowers the activation energy threshold for a reaction to take place

<p>Substance that increases the rate of a reaction while remaining itself unchanged; lowers the activation energy threshold for a reaction to take place</p>
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Enzyme

Protein that acts as a biological catalyst

<p>Protein that acts as a biological catalyst</p>
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Ribozyme

Catalyst composed of RNA

<p>Catalyst composed of RNA</p>
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Active Site

Region of an enzyme where the substrate binds; composed of a unique group of amino acid r groups (residues) that interact with the substrate

<p>Region of an enzyme where the substrate binds; composed of a unique group of amino acid r groups (residues) that interact with the substrate</p>
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Induced Fit

Enzymes and their substrates undergo slight conformational changes before binding

<p>Enzymes and their substrates undergo slight conformational changes before binding</p>
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How do enzymes catalyze reactions? (4)

1. Bring substrates together in the proper orientation

2. Compromise substrates' bond structure to be more readily broken

3. Provide optimal environmental conditions for a reaction

4. Form transient covalent bonds with substrates

<p>1. Bring substrates together in the proper orientation</p><p>2. Compromise substrates' bond structure to be more readily broken</p><p>3. Provide optimal environmental conditions for a reaction</p><p>4. Form transient covalent bonds with substrates</p>
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How are enzymes regulated? (4)

Temperature

pH

Compartmentalization within the cell

Activated/inhibited by other molecules

<p>Temperature</p><p>pH</p><p>Compartmentalization within the cell</p><p>Activated/inhibited by other molecules</p>
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Competitive Inhibition

A molecule binds to an enzyme's active site, blocking substrates; impacts initial reaction rate but not maximum reaction rate

<p>A molecule binds to an enzyme's active site, blocking substrates; impacts initial reaction rate but not maximum reaction rate</p>
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Noncompetitive Inhibition

A molecules binds to an enzyme in a secondary/allosteric site (not the active site) to reduce its activity

<p>A molecules binds to an enzyme in a secondary/allosteric site (not the active site) to reduce its activity</p>
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Allosteric

Describes a region of an enzyme that can bind a regulatory molecule and is not the active site

<p>Describes a region of an enzyme that can bind a regulatory molecule and is not the active site</p>
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Positive Allosteric Regulation

Small molecule that increases the enzyme activity and binds outside the active site (allosteric)

<p>Small molecule that increases the enzyme activity and binds outside the active site (allosteric)</p>
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Feedback Inhibition

Products of a metabolic pathway serve as (usually allosteric) inhibitors of the enzyme(s) involved in producing them

<p>Products of a metabolic pathway serve as (usually allosteric) inhibitors of the enzyme(s) involved in producing them</p>
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What do enzymes change and not change?

Change: Activation energy

Do not change: ΔG, spontaneity

<p>Change: Activation energy</p><p>Do not change: ΔG, spontaneity</p>
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How does temperature impact enzymes?

As temperature increases, enzyme activity increases; however, as temperature increases, enzymes will begin to denature at a certain point (begins with the breakdown of the tertiary structure)

<p>As temperature increases, enzyme activity increases; however, as temperature increases, enzymes will begin to denature at a certain point (begins with the breakdown of the tertiary structure)</p>
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Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate(s)

<p>Temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate(s)</p>
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Holoenzyme

An enzyme and its cofactor/coenzyme

<p>An enzyme and its cofactor/coenzyme</p>
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Cofactor

Inorganic ions that help enzymes function

<p>Inorganic ions that help enzymes function</p>
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Coenzyme

Organic molecules mainly made up of carbon and hydrogen that help enzymes function

<p>Organic molecules mainly made up of carbon and hydrogen that help enzymes function</p>
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Prosthetic Group

A larger protein acting in conjunction with the enzyme

<p>A larger protein acting in conjunction with the enzyme</p>