the reformation test study guide

church heavily involved in _________ or politics > angered many governments, particularly kings, of Europe

world affairs

the ______ became incredibly wealthy > corruption

church

high level church officials often lived opulent, lavish lifestyles - used church to gain _________ wealth, land and power

personal

the church increased fees for certain _______________ (ex. marriage, baptism) to raise money

religious services

people were led to believe they could buy a pardon for sins committed during their life also for relatives who already died > people thought it would guarantee access to heaven

indulgences

the _____________ made the bible available to many > interpretations of the bible began to vary > as time passed people began to question how the church interperted the bible

printing press

german monk/professor who was greatly offended by the selling of indulgences > led him to write and post his 95 theses

Martin luther

what was Martin Luther greatly offended by?

the selling of indulgences

what did Martin Luther post after being greatly offended by the selling of indulgences?

the 95 theses

how did the 95 theses quickly spread around Europe

martin Luther first posted the 95 theses on the church doors which were found and printed by pressman

the initial intention of Martin Luther was not to __________ the church but reform it

break up

what were Martin luther’s 3 main ideas

1. salvation by faith alone

2. the Bible is the only authority for christian life, not the pope

3. clergy could marry

what were the differences in New church services created by Luther

1. there were only 2 sacraments, different from 7 sacraments in catholicism

2. clergy could marry

in 1521 pope Leo X issued a bill damanding luther to recant or face excommunication

luther refused and was excommunicated

charles v (supporter of the pope) issued ______________

edicts of worms, which declared Luther an outlaw

german kingdoms resented sending their _____ to Rome

wealth

german princes and nobles began to support ______

luther

some Germans would rebel against the holy Roman empire to seize church ____________

lands/property

other Germans rebelled because they believed in _______ practices

luthers

luther translated the _____ into german so it could be read in interpreted by Germans

bible

peseants saw the turmoil between German and Rome as an oppurtunity to attack the ______

church

the peasants rebelled because they were looking for __________

social reforms

_________ uprising was crushed, causing them to turn on Luther

peasents

who was Charles V

a holy Roman emperor who tried to crush Lutherism

why did Charles V fail at crushing Lutherism?

was distracted by wars with francis I and had to deal with invasions of the ottoman empire

an agreement is made between Luther and Charles V, __________

Peace of Augsburg

most northern German states became _________
most southern German states became _________

lutheran, catholic

the English reformation was led by __________

Henry VIII

political considerations led Henry VIII to ________ his position

reconsider

henry VIII was married to Cathrine of Aragon (________ was her nephew

Charles V

cathrine was unable to produce a son and instead produced one girl, ____

Mary

________ was not permitted, so Henry sought an ________ from the pope

divorce, annulment

fearful of ________, the Pope refused the request of an anulment from henry VIII

Charles V

enraged that the pope would not annul his marriage, Henry asked ___________ to grant the annulment

the Archbishop of Canterbury

the annulment of Henry VIII and Cathrine allowed him to marry _________

Anne Boleyn

henry VIII asked the __________ to pass laws that separate England from the church

Parliament

the separation between the church and england created the _____________ and made Henry VIII head of the church of England

Act of Supermacy

the act of Supermacy allowed Henry VIII to __________ and sell lands to merchants, making merchants loyal to Henry and not the church

confiscate

henry married ____ more time but only had one boy, ________

four, Edward

who did Anne boylen give birth to?

Elizabeth

henry was not ______ and kept his new church

radical

the similarity between henry’s church and the church of Rome allowed many people to convert without ____

guilt

many citizens were still upset and waited for henry’s death, so that England would revert back to ____________

catholicism

the death of Henry led to the country being in the hands of his 10 year old son _______

edward

after Edwards death, ____ became Queen

Mary

mary attempted to restore ____________ in England

Catholicism

she became known as _____ Mary because she would burn the people who refused to revert

bloody

mary imprsioned_________ until her death

elizabeth

__________ came to the throne and restored the angelican church

elizabeth

elizabeth restored stability to England over the next __ years of her reign

40

in an attempt to stop and reverse the Protestant gains throughout europe ________ reforms the Catholic church

pope Paul III

refrom commission took steps to prevent ___________ and instituted penalities for curruption around the clergy

worldliness

what did the council of Trent believe?

refomration can be achieved through faith and good works

the Bible is a major but not the only source of religious truth

churches interpretation of the Bible is final

selling of false indulgences is banned

the __________ a court designed to root out heresies that was given more power under Pope Paul III

inquisition

the court of inquisition used secret testimonies, ________ and execution to stop heresies

torture

an index of forbidden _____ was created by the inquisitions court

books

a new catholic order created by ____________ trained in classical learning and theology was made. believers were called jesuits

ignatius of loyola

jesuit faith was created to stop _______ and spread catholicism

hersey

jesuits helped to advise Catholic _______ and create a number of universites and schools

leaders

catholic reformation _______ the spirit of faith througout catholic Europe

renewed

the Catholic reformation stopped rapid spread of _________ and reversed it in some places

protestantism

rome and church leaders became far more pious and focused on ____________

spirital affairs

_____________ between catholics and protestants was widespread

persecution

a wave of __________ spread through Europe

witch hunts

____ faced widespread persecution from both protestants and Catholics alike

jews

many Jews were forced to ______________ to Poland, Russia, and Baltic states

flee western europe

jews who chose to remain in western Europe were often forced to live in ______

ghettos

with decline of the church, _______ of european countries gain more power and authority

monarchs

who began the swiss reformation?

Huldrych Zwingli

huldrych zwlingli wanted believers to have more _______ over the church

control

opposing ideas of the Catholics and the protestants led to ____

war

who was huldrych Zwingli influenced by?

christian humanists

what did Calvin write a book expressing?

his ideas about God, salvation, and human nature

calvin believed that God had known since the beginning of time who would be ______

saved

calvins ideas formed __________

calvinism

calvin believed that the ideal government was a __________

theocracy

calvin ran the city with strict rules like:

all attended religion class, no bright clothing or card games

__________ put calvin’s ideas into work after visiting Geneva

John Knox

follwers of John Knox became known as _____________

presbyterians

what were calvinists from France called?

Huguenots

hatred between Catholics and Huguenots led to _________

violence

violent outbreaks between the Catholics and the Huguenots led to ________________

the protestant massacre of 1572

the Anabaptist believed in being _________ again once olde enough to decide to be a Christian

baptised

anabaptist thought that the church and the _____ should be separate

state

the anabaptisted refused ___

war

both catholics and protestants persecuted the ___________

anabaptists

the Anabaptist teaching influenced later _______ and ________

quakers and baptists

who was huldrych Zwingli

the foundational figure of the swiss reformation, he died on battlefield during the battle of kappel

who was John Calvin?

a man known for his ideas about faith, formed Calvinism faith, wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion

who was John knox?

the man who started the Scottish refromation, known for his ideas based similarly on the ideas of john calvin

who was Jan Hus?

a Christian philosopher, most famously known for being executed for “Hersey” and not recanting his writing when given the chance

who was Martin Luther?

German Monk/professor, he was the man who started the refromation, wrote the 95 theses, which were attacks on the curchs corrupt teachings

who was charles V?

the emporer of the holy roman empire, known for being one of the most powerful rulers in his time period, he issued the Edicts of Worms to Martin Luther

who was Henry VIII

king of England who was known for his martial views, that went against the church, became head of the church of England, had 6 wives

who was Cathrine of Aragon

the first wife of Henry VIII, known for her connection to Charles V (her nephew) had one daughter with Henry, Mary

who was Anne boylen?

the second wife of henry VIII, gave Henry one daughter, Elizabeth

who was king Edward VI?

son of Henry VIII, known for being one of the youngest kings to rule, ruled at the age of 10, passed away at the age of 15

who was Queen Mary I

1st daugther of Henry VIII, known for her attempts of trying to completely reverse protestant spread during her time of power

who was Queen Elizabeth I

2nd daughter of Henry VIII, known for being one of the most promenient and successful rulers in England, restored the angelican church, and ruled England for the next 40 years

what was the council of Trent?

a major ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church that acted as the official cornerstone of the Counter-Reformation