Science Test #1 (Quarter 2)

Where is DNA found?

DNA is found in every cell of every living thing

What structure is DNA in?

Chromosomes which is a long strand of DNA that works to assist in duplication or division of the cells

How do you draw a Chromosomal pair (human)

like that

What is DNA?

DNA is a long molecule made up of monomers (small building blocks) called nucleotides

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

In the word, deoxyribonucleic acid, what does the deoxyribo and nucleic acid mean?

deoxyribo means sugar and nucleic acid means macro molecules which stores genetic materials.

What is the DNA’s shape and what is the shape called

The DNA’s shape is like a twisted ladder and the shape is called a double helix

What are the four nitrogen bases and what goes with what?

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine. Adenine with Thymine and Cytosine with Guanine

what does a nucleotide consist of?

Sugar, base, and phosphate

Fill in the blank. Nitrogen bases are held together by what for cell duplications.

weak hydrogen bonds

What is the definition of Genes?

It’s a small section of DNA that contains the instructions for making a specific protein. These proteins determine our traits like eye color or blood type.

What is protein synthesis?

It is the biological process by which cells build new proteins to perform critical tasks like building structures, and regulating hormones.

What is transcription?

It is the process that cells use to make RNA copies of a gene. this happens in the nucleus

What is translation?

The process of converting DNA code into a protein so the protein can carry out the instruction

What is RNA?

It’s a molecule that carries instructions from DNA to the parts of the cell that make proteins

What is mRNA?

It carries genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes.

What are amino acids?

They are the building blocks (monomers) of proteins

What is codon?

it’s a sequence of three consecutive nucleotides on mRNA that specifies an amino acid or signals the start or end of protein synthesis

What is DNA replication?

It is the process of an entire DNA molecule being copied in the nucleus in preparation for cell division

DNA runs…

antiparallel

DNA polymerase can only build new DNA in the 5’ to 3’ or 3’ to 5’ direction?

5’ to 3’

Draw a DNA strand going 3’ to 5’

The opposite way of the house

What is the leading strand?

The new DNA strand that is built continuously in one long piece moving in the same direction that the DNA unzips

What is the lagging strand

The new DNA strand that is built discontinuously in short choppy pieces moving in the opposite direction

Whats a helicase

An enzyme that acts like a molecular zipper to unzip DNA

What is DNA polymerase

Enzymes that build new DNA molecules by assembling nucleotide building blocks into complementary strands

What is Primase

An enzyme that makes a short RNA segment called a primer which gives DNA polymerase a starting point

What is ligase

An enzyme that glues together small pieces of DNA called okazaki fragments on the lagging strand

what is Topoisomerase

an enzyme relaxes tightly coiled DNA and removes knots tangles or twists during DNA replication

What is mitosis

it is the process where a single parent cell divides to make two identical daughter cells

Unicellular organisms?

they undergo mitosis to reproduce asexually

Multicellular organisms?

they undergo mitosis to create new cells for growth and repair old cells

What does mitosis help with

helps to repair and regrow any damaged or older cells