Found. of Nutrition - Exam 2 (pt.2 - WS vitamins)

B complex mneumonic

TRN Past Palmer on Brady For Coffee

1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12

TRN (1-3, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin) are all used as coenzymes for

dehydrogenases

A high carb diet is associated with which B vitamin

1 - thiamin

A high protein diet is associated with which B vitamin

6 - pyridoxal phosphate

Which three deficiencies/pathologies are often seen together

Ariboflavinosis (B2 - riboflavin)

Pellagra (B3 - niacin)

B6 deficiency (pyridoxal phosphate)

Which four vitamin deficiencies are associated with neuropathy

E, B1, B6, B12

Which three vitamins are associated with heme

B5, B6, B12

Which vitamins are associated with metabolism

All B vitamins

Which three vitamins are associated with DNA replication

B3, B9, B12

Which seven vitamins are associated with gene expression

retinoic acid (A), D, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9

Which three vitamins are associated with bone

C, D, K

Which four vitamins are associated with methylation

B6, B9, B12, Choline

Which three vitamins are associated with the “prep step” (pyruvate → acetyl-CoA)

B1, B3, B5

Water soluble vitamins must be consumed daily because

we don’t store them

Water soluble vitamins are absorbed in the SI via

facilitated diffusion

Water soluble vitamins are transported in the

portal vein

Which water soluble vitamin is essential for humans (but not all mammals)

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Ascorbic acid is what form of vitamin C

reduced

Functions of vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

antioxidant

prevent cancer causing nitrosamine formation

regenerate vitamin E (2 E regenerated for every 1 C)

Coenzyme function of vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

non-heme iron absorption

collagen hydroxylation (of proline and lysine)

maintain iron and copper in reduced state (in order for enzymes to work)

Sources of vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

bell peppers

citrus

DGLV

What is the only nutrient where smokers have a higher RDA independent of gender

vitamin C - 35mg

Requirements of vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Males - 90mg

Females - 75mg

Example of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) requirement for a male smoker

90mg + 35mg = 125mg

Deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Scurvy (decreased collagen synthesis)

• 4 H’s - hematologic, hemorrhagic, hyperkeratinosis, hypochondriasis

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) can become unstable due to

water (boiling lose nutrients)

basic pH (baking soda destroys)

heat

oxygen

Toxicity of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) can cause

osmotic diarrhea (“C sick”)

kidney stones (high oxalate)

B1 (thiamin) sources

yeast and pork

B1 (thiamin) can become unstable due to

phenolic acid (coffee, tea - more calcium and magnesium)

thiaminase

water, basic pH, heat

Thiaminase enzyme that destroys B1 (thiamin) is in what animal

raw fish

B1 (thiamin) functions of coenzyme - TDP/TPP

transketolase (NADPH and pentose synthesis)

dehydrogenase (pyruvate → acetly-CoA)

B1 (thiamin) functions of non-coenzyme - TTP

nerves (Na+/Cl- transport)

Deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamin)

beriberi

wernicke-korsacoff

Wet beriberi

heart issues

low thiamin and peripheral edema

Dry beriberi

peripheral nerve issues + tender calf muscles

low thiamin and carbs

Acute beriberi

chronic infant deficiency (2-5 months)

breastfed mother has low intake of thiamin B1

What is the #1 nutritional deficiency in alcoholics

thiamin (B1) → Wernicke-Korsacoff (affects brain)

What are the three reasons an alcoholic would have a thiamin deficiency

low intake

low absorption

high utilization

B2 (riboflavin) sources

cow’s milk (I don’t like the flavor of milk)

enriched grains

B2 (riboflavin) is unstable due to

light and water

B2 (riboflavin) coenzyme functions

FAD and FMN - dehydrogenases (niacin, B6, folate synthesis)

DNA synthesis

ETC

Beta-oxidation (1st step)

B2 (riboflavin) non-coenzyme

AMP

B2 (riboflavin) deficiency

ariboflavinosis

• glossitis, angular stomatitis, cheilosis

• corneal vascularization

• magenta tongue

What population is at risk of B2 (riboflavin) deficiency

lactose intolerant (can’t have milk)

B3 (niacin) is made from

tryptophan

coenzymes - B2 and B6

cofactor - iron

B3 (niacin) sources

high protein foods (turkey → tryptophan)

enriched grains

B3 (niacin) coenzyme functions

NAD+ (dehydrogenases) - prep step and beta oxidation (2nd step)

NADPH - FA and cholesterol synthesis

B3 (niacin) non-coenzyme functions

chromatin remodeling (gene expression)

ADP-ribose transfer reactions

DNA repair

Deficiency of B3 (niacin)

pellagra (def. of niacin OR tryptophan)

mouth issues

4 D’s (dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, death)

3 M diet (meat, meal, mollases)

Deficiency of B3 (niacin) is common where

corn is a staple

Which is the most likely vitamin to cause gout

B3 (niacin)

Toxicity of B3 (niacin) can also cause

hot flashes and liver damage

B5 (pantothenic acid) is unstable with

freezing

B5 (pantothenic acid) functions

heme iron

part of CoA (prep step)

Acetyl Carrier Protein (FA synthesis)

Deficiency of B5 (pantothenic acid)

burning foot syndrome (five toes)

B6 (pyridoxal phosphate) sources

meats

enriched grains

B6 (pyridoxal phosphate) coenzyme functions - PLP

heme synthesis

glycogen degradation (during workout)

AA metabolism

methylation

B6 (pyridoxal phosphate) non-coenzyme functions

gene expression

B6 (pyridoxal phosphate) deficiency

hypochromic microcytic anemia (b/c low heme synthesis)

mouth issues

B6 (pyridoxal phosphate) both deficiency and toxicity lead to

neuropathy

B7 (biotin) sources

LI bacteria

What is the absorbable form of B7 (biotin)

biocytin

B7 (biotin) is chelated by

avidin - prevents absorption by binding

**Raw egg white syndrome

B7 (biotin) deficiency

dermatitis

alopecia

metabolic fatty liver disease

pt’s with biotinidase deficiency (can’t metabolize biotin)

Supplements of B7 (biotin) can mess with what labs

thyroid and vitamin D

B7 (biotin) coenzyme functions

carboxylases (adds carboxyl group)

• committed step in FA synthesis (acetyl-coA → malonyl-coA)

• acetyl-coA carboxylase 1+2

• gluconeogenesis = pyruvate carboxylase (pyruvate → oxaloacetate)

B7 (biotin) non-coenzyme function

gene expression (transcription of enzymes)

B9 (folate) sources

DGLV

B9 (folate) is digested by what enzyme

folate hydrolase / glutamate carboxypeptidase II / conjugase

Requires zinc

Inhibitors of folate hydrolase

legumes, oranges, cabbage, chronic alcohol consumption

What other B vitamin regulates B9

B12

**without B12 = methyl folate trap (enzyme: MTHFR)

What is the supplement/synthetic form of B9 (folate)

folic acid

**most stable form, oxidized form

Does folic acid require any digestion

NO!

100% absorbed on an empty stomach

B9 (folate) toxicity occurs with high supplementation manifests as

zinc deficiency

B9 (folate) coenzyme functions - THF

purine and pyrimidine synthesis

methylation of DNA, RBC, WBC

AA metabolism

B9 (folate) deficiency

neural tube defects

GI issues (celiac and crohns pt’s)

megaloblastic macrocytic anemia (b/c inadequate DNA synthesis)

Anyone >50 should consume ___ fortified food/supplements (25-100mcg/day)

B12 (cobalamin)

B12 (cobalamin) sources

animals (bound to protein in food)

B12 (cobalamin) is absorbed via

receptor mediated endocytosis

**In Ileum

B12 (cobalamin) is digested via

proteases (pepsin and trypsin)

IF and HCl (released by parietal cells)

B12 (cobalamin) is transported via _______ and stored in the _______

transcobalamins

liver (3-5yrs)

What is the main storage form of B12 (cobalamin)

5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin

B12 (cobalamin) coennzyme functions

5-deoxyadenosyl - odd chain FA metabolism (threonine and isoleucine)

Methyl - myelination

B12 (cobalamin) non-coenzyme functions

heme synthesis

homocysteine removal

B12 (cobalamin) deficiency

pernicious anemia (low absorption b/c IF antibodies)

megaloblastic macrocytic anemia

peripheral neuropathy (b/c dec. DNA synthesis)

B12 (cobalamin) deficiencies typically occur in what population

vegans

Crohn’s (b/c ileum involvement)

Choline sources

soy

egg (yolks)

Choline functions

part of acetyl choline

part of phosphatidylcholine (lecithin - emulsifier)

Choline deficiency

fatty liver (lipids get stuck)

Choline toxicity

fishy body odor

Phytochemical sources - Red

lycopene

Phytochemical sources - Red/Purple

anthocyanins

Phytochemical sources - orange

alpha + beta carotene

Phytochemical sources - orange/yellow

beta-cryptoxanthin

Phytochemical sources - yellow/green

lutein and zeaxanithin

Phytochemical sources - green

sulfuraphanes and indoles

Phytochemical sources - white

allyl sulphides