respiratory digestive system study guide part one

What are two things a patient with GERD can do to help decrease symptoms?

Dieting and stopping smoking.

What are two major causes/risk factors associated with PUD?

Regular use of NSAIDs and smoking.

What are PPIs used for when treating GERD or PUD?

To block stomach acid production.

List three signs/symptoms you might expect to see in a patient with pneumonia.

Shortness of breath (SOB), coughing, and low oxygen (O2) levels.

How often should a patient use an incentive spirometer?

10 times every hour.

List three risk factors for developing a pulmonary embolism.

History of blood clots, cancer, and sitting for a long time.

Other than an ultrasound, what diagnostic test may be used to determine if a patient has a PE?

CTPA (Computed Tomographic Pulmonary Angiography).

What type of medication may be given to a patient with a PE, and what does it help prevent?

Anticoagulants; it thins blood and stops existing clots from growing.

What are the major functions of the digestive system?

It breaks down swallowed food so that it can leave the body without problems.

What is ingestion?

Taking in food.

What is deglutition?

The process of swallowing.

What is peristalsis?

When food goes down the esophagus using waves of muscle contraction.

What is maceration?

Muscles helping food to churn and propel.

What is egestion?

The end of digestion or moving waste forward.

What are the four layers of the alimentary canal in order from superficial to deep?

1. Mucosa, 2. Submucosa, 3. Muscularis, 4. Serosa.

What is the main job of the mucosa layer?

Secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones while absorbing nutrients and protecting.

What does the submucosa layer contain?

Glands, nerve fibers, and blood vessels.

What is the role of the muscularis layer?

Layer of muscle extending in two directions (circular and longitudinal layers).

What does the serosa layer do?

Creates slippery fluid that reduces friction.

What might cyanosis indicate about a patient?

It indicates low oxygen levels.

What is the difference between acute pain and chronic pain?

Acute pain is short-term pain, while chronic pain persists for more than 3 months.

Where does digestion begin, and what type of digestion begins there?

In the mouth; it begins with mechanical and chemical digestion.

What are the three sections of the small intestine?

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

How long is the small intestine approximately?

20 feet long.

Why is the small intestine important to digestion?

Because most of digestion and nutrient absorption occurs there.

What vitamins are produced by bacteria in the large intestine?

Vitamin B and K.

What is catabolism?

It breaks down complex molecules while releasing energy (ATP).

What is anabolism?

It forms complex molecules while using energy.

What is the body's main source of energy?

Carbohydrates.

What is the function of the uvula?

It prevents food from entering the nasal cavity.