Chapter 5 – Physiology of Phonation
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168 Terms
What is a vocal register?
a different mode of vocal fold vibration
There are 3 main registers:
Pulse, modal, and falsetto
What is another name for the pulse register?
Glottal fry
What is another name for the modal register?
Chest voice
What is another name for the falsetto register?
Head voice
What is the male frequency range for the pulse register?
~50–90 Hz
What is the female frequency range for the pulse register?
~50–150 Hz
What is the male frequency range for the modal register?
~80–450 Hz
What is the female frequency range for the modal register?
~150–500 Hz
What is the male frequency range for the falsetto register?
~300–600 Hz
What is the female frequency range for the falsetto register?
~500–1100 Hz
Pulse =
lowest
Modal =
middle/wide
Falsetto=
highest
What is the vocal fold configuration in pulse register?
Vocal folds are short and thick.
What happens to vocal fold compression in pulse register?
Compression increases, especially anterior/posterior.
May the false vocal folds be involved in pulse register?
Yes, they may be involved.
What happens to the mucosal edge during each vibratory cycle?
Several irregular “quiverings” occur.
What is multiphasic closure?
Several irregular “quiverings” of the mucosal edge during each cycle.
What does the pulse register sound like?
Creaky.
Why does pulse register have a creaky quality?
Because its frequency is very low.
What is the vibratory amplitude in pulse register?
Low.
Can you shout in glottal fry?
No
How long is the closed phase in pulse register?
About 90% of the cycle.
Which phase is very long in pulse register?
The closed phase.
What percentage of the cycle is the closed phase?
About 90%.
What are the key characteristics of pulse register?
Short, thick, compressed, creaky, low frequency, and ~90% closed
short + thick + compressed + creaky + low frequency + ~90% closed
Pulse
What is another name for the modal register?
Chest voice
What parts of the vocal folds participate in modal register?
All parts: the body and cover.
What is the condition of the vocal fold cover in modal register?
The cover is loose.
Does the body of the vocal folds vibrate in modal register?
Yes, even the body vibrates.
What is the frequency range of modal register like?
It has a wide range of frequencies.
What is the amplitude range of modal register like?
It has the widest range of amplitude.
What does the wide amplitude range give modal register?
A wide dynamic range.
How does the closed phase compare to the open phase in modal register?
The closed phase is only a little longer than the open phase.
About what percentage of the cycle is closed in modal register?
About 60% closed.
What are the key characteristics of modal register?
Body + cover, loose cover, widest amplitude, and ~60% closed
body + cover + loose cover + widest amplitude + ~60% closed
Modal
What happens to the cricothyroid (CT) muscle in falsetto?
The CT muscle has high tension.
What does the CT muscle do to the vocal folds?
It lengthens the vocal folds.
How much vibration occurs in the muscle and deeper layers?
Less vibration occurs.
What happens to the vocal ligament in falsetto?
The vocal ligament is taut.
What happens to the cover in falsetto?
The cover remains loose.
Where does most vibration occur in falsetto?
In the cover.
What are the medial/phonatory edges like in falsetto?
Thin and sharp.
What gives falsetto its breathy quality?
A slight glottic gap.
What is the frequency range of falsetto like?
It has a wide range of frequencies.
How does falsetto's vibratory amplitude compare to modal?
It is less than modal.
How does falsetto's dynamic range compare to modal?
It has a smaller dynamic range than modal.
How does the closed phase compare to the open phase in falsetto?
The closed phase is shorter than the open phase.
About what percentage of the cycle is closed in falsetto?
About 40% closed.
What is the sequence to remember for falsetto?
CT tight → folds long → mostly cover vibrates → thin edges → breathy → ~40% closed
CT tight → folds long → mostly cover vibrates → thin edges → breathy → ~40% closed
Falsetto
Frequency = number of cycles per second of vibration
What is frequency?
The number of cycles per second of vibration.
What unit is frequency measured in?
Hertz (Hz).
What does Hz mean?
Cycles per second.
What is pitch?
The perceptual psycho-acoustic correlate of frequency.
What is the difference between frequency and pitch?
Frequency is physically measured; pitch is what we perceive/hear.
Are frequency and pitch the same thing?
No. They are closely related, but not the same.
What generally happens when frequency increases?
Pitch increases
What generally happens when frequency decreases?
Pitch decreases
Are pitch changes linearly related to frequency changes?
No. Pitch changes are not linearly related to frequency changes.
Can pitch change without changing Hz?
Yes, according to the slides.
What is frequency?
A physical measurement.
What is optimal pitch?
The frequency of vibration that is most efficient for a specific pair of vocal folds.
What can optimal pitch vary with?
Age and sex.
What is habitual pitch?
The frequency a person habitually uses.
Is habitual pitch always the same as optimal pitch?
No.
What can happen when someone tries to sustain non-optimal voicing?
It can cause vocal fatigue.
Optimal =
most efficient frequency.
Habitual =
frequency a person usually uses.
3 characteristics that affect frequency:
Mass per unit length
Tension
Length
Which statement about vocal fold mass is TRUE?
Vocal fold mass differs between people, does not change in a healthy person, but mass per unit length can change within a person.
Which statement about vocal fold length is TRUE?
Vocal fold length differs between individuals and can change within an individual.
Tension _____ change within an individual
can
Tension can be changed by:
Thyroarytenoid muscles
Cricothyroid muscle
What muscle can change vocal fold tension directly?
by tensing thyroarytenoid, esp. vocalis portion
What muscle can change vocal fold tension directly (more especific)?
Thyroarytenoid muscles
Especially the thyrovocalis/vocalis portion
What muscle changes vocal fold tension indirectly?
by changing length of vocal folds (CT muscle)
How does the cricothyroid change vocal fold tension?
By changing vocal fold length.
What is the difference between TA and CT for vocal fold tension?
TA changes tension directly; CT changes tension indirectly by changing vocal fold lenght
Pitch/frequency depends on:
Mass + Length + Tension
What is intensity?
Power per unit area
What is intensity measured in?
Watts per square meter.
What is loudness?
The subjective perceptual psycho-acoustic correlate of intensity and pressure.
What is the difference between intensity and loudness?
Intensity = physical measurement; loudness = perception.
Intensity =
physical measurement
loudness =
perception
What is intensity related to?
Power per unit area.
What is loudness related to?
The perception of intensity and pressure.
Are intensity and loudness the same thing?
No, they are closely related but not the same.
What generally happens when intensity increases?
Loudness increases.
What generally happens when intensity decreases?
Loudness decreases.
Can loudness change while intensity stays constant?
Yes
What can change loudness even when intensity stays constant?
Frequency changes.
What is the key idea about intensity and loudness?
Intensity can stay constant while loudness changes
What happens to transglottal pressure when vocal intensity increases?
It increases
What happens to medial compression of the vocal folds when vocal intensity increases?
It increases.