Language Analysis Exam 2

What is the primary distinction between a free morpheme and a bound morpheme?

A free morpheme can stand alone (ex: happy)

A bound morpheme can not stand alone (ex: unhappy)

How do inflectional morphemes differ from derivational morphemes?

Inflectional morphemes change the grammatical form of a word but do not change its basic meaning (ex: cat — cats.

Derivational morphemes create a new word and often change the meaning (ex: teach — teacher)

what syntactic rule distinguishes an Auxiliary ‘be’ verb from a Copula ‘be’ verb?

Auxiliary “be” followed by a main verb in the -ing or past participle from (She is running)

Copula “be” links the subject to a complement (ex: He IS a teacher)

What is a morpheme?

Smallest unit of language that has meaning or serves a grammatical function

What is a syntax?

How words are arranged to form sentences

What is a lexical Morpheme?

Morpheme that carries the main meaning of a word (ex: dog, run, happy, teach)

What is a free grammatical morpheme?

A standalone word that expresses a grammatical relationship or function

What is a bound inflectional morpheme?

An attached ending that shows grammatical information without creating a new word

What is a derivational morpheme?

Morpheme that changes or creates a words meaning or grammatical category

What is an auxiliary verb?

Helping verb that works within a main verb

What is a copula verb?

Linking verb that connects the subject to a description or identity. (ex: She is happy) she is linked to happy

What is obligatory context?

A situation where a specific grammatical form is required (ex: ing, ed)

What essential feature distinguishes a phrase from a clause?

A clause has a subject and predicate (ex: The big dog) ; a phrase does not (ex: The dog barked)

How do appositives noun phrases function within a sentence?

An appositive noun phrase renames or provides additional info about a nearby noun

How do you distinguish an adjective phrase from a relative clause?

Adjective phrase describes a noun and does not contain subject + verb combination. (Ex: the girl WITH THE RED HAIR smiled.

Relative clause describes a noun and DOES contain a subject + verb. (Ex: the girl WHO HAS RED HAIR smiled.

What is a phrase?

Two or more words that work together as a unit but does NOT contain both a subject & verb.

Ex: The big dig

What is a noun phrase (NP)?

Group of words that functions like a noun sentence.

Ex: my favorite teacher

What is an appositive phrase?

Renames or gives more information about a noun or pronoun right next to it.

Ex: my brother, A COLLEGE STUDENT lives in mo.

What is a verb phrase VP?

Verb plus any helping verbs and/or words that go with the verb

Ex: He HAS EATEN

What is a prepositional phrase PP?

Group of words that starts with a prepositional and ends with a noun or pronoun

Ex: under the table

What is an adjective phrase ADjP?

Group of words that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun.

Ex: The girl WITH THE RED BACKPACK is my friend

What is an adverb phrase (AdvP)

Group of words that describes or modifies a verb, adjective, or another verb

Ex: She ran VERY QUICKLY

What syntactic maker determines whether a clause is finite or nonfinite?

Finite clause the verb is marked for tense past/tense and can show subject agreement. Ex: She WALKS to school

Nonfinite clause the verb is not marked for tense and usually appears as an infinitive -ing or past participle. Ex: she wants to WALK to school

What are three finite subordinate clause families and their functions?

Complement clauses function as a noun in a sentence. Ex: I know THAT SHE IS TIRED

Relative clauses function as an adjective modifying a noun or pronoun Ex: The girl WHO WON THE RACE is my friend

Adverbal clauses function as an adverb modifying a verb, adjective, or entire clause. Ex: We left BECAUSE IT WAS RAINING.

What is a clause?

A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb

What is a Main (independent) Clause?

Clause that can stand by itself as a complete sentence.

Ex: I went to school

What is a finite clause?

Clause that contains a finite verb that is marked for tense (past or present)

Ex: She walks to school, They are studying

What is a nonfinite clause?

Contains a verb that is not marked for tense

Ex: To study for the test—to study, studying for the test—studying

What is morphology?

Study of the structure and formation of words

what is a dependent clause?

A group of words that has a subject and a verb but can not stand alone as a complete sentence

Ex: because she was tired