Speech Science Final

tympanic membrane

Which of the following structures is responsible for transducing pressure waves into mechanical waves

it is not normally open, except during a yawn or swallow

Which of the following statements is NOT true of eustachian tube?

it contains the organ of corti

Which of the following statements is true about the cochlea?

damping loud sounds

When the stapedius muscle fatigues it becomes less effective at?

has a differential frequency response

the baslar membrane

listeners are unable to distinguish small acoustic differences in phonemes

Crossover suggests that

-ALL

Which of the following statements is NOT true about speech perception of hearing impaired individuals?
-many adults with hearing impairments are able to discriminate between vowels
-many children with hearing impairments have difficulty in discriminating between vowels
-individuals with high frequency losses typically have difficulty identifying fricatives
-all
-none

none

Vowels are easy for listeners to identify because:
-vowel formation frequencies are always the same for individual speakers
-there is no overlap in formant frequencies for different vowels
-there is a one-to-one correspondence between vowels and their formant frequencies
-all
-none

the formant patterns of different vowels become similar to each other

Target undershoot occurs when?

intensity of the burst

All of the following are cues to identifying a stop consonant EXCEPT:
-brief interval of silence
-transient burst of noise
-intensity of the burst
-rapid formant transition between the stop and a preceeding/following vowel

F (protect)

The main function of the external auditory meatus is to localize sound and channel the sound waves into the canal

T

the basal portion of the basilar membrane responds to all frequencies, but its high degree of stiffness makes it most responsive to high frequencies

F

The manubrium connects to the stapes which in turn connects to the incus which inserts into the oval window

T

Young children are susceptible to middle ear infections because their eustachian tubes run nearly horizontally, so fluids do not drain easily

T

Contextual and linguistic information serve to enhance speech perception and the decoding of an acoustic signal into meaningful units

F(pattern instead of formant frequencies)

Humans focus solely on the formant frequencies of a vowel in connected speech to determine which vowel the speaker is producing

T

Glides are characterized by formant transitions that are shorter in duration than those of diphthongs

T

rise time is important in recognizing affricates vs. fricatives

T

the substance that is secreted in the external auditory meatus is known as cerumen

F(endolymph)

The membranous canal is filled with perilymph fluid

cutoff frequencies

All of the following elements are considered in the source-filter theory of vowel production EXCEPT

mesiocclusion

when the first molar of the lower jaw is anterior to its normal position, this creates

all

Which of the following is true of quarter wave resonator?
-lowest RF has a wavelength that is four times the length of the tube
-higher RFs are odd number multiples of the lowest RF
-vocal tract is an example of a quarter wave
-all
-none

hypernasality

problems with velopharyngeal function can result in air escaping through the nasal cavities rather than through the oral cavity during the production of oral sounds. The resulting speech production is characterized by?

tongue height

The F1 on an F1/F2 plot represents

inferior longitudinal

All of the following are extrinsic muscles of the tongue EXCEPT

/o/

Metrically speaking, which of the following sounds is the least complex to produce

a and b

Sonorant sounds are
-nasal, liquid, glide
-made with a less constricted vocal tract
-produced when the lips close completely
-all of the above
-none of the above
-a and b

all

Which of the following statements is Not true of fricatives?
-are formed when two articulators come close to each other but do not make contact
-they are produced when turbulent airflow is forced under high pressure through a narrow channel
-there are five voiceless and four voiced fricatives in English
-all of the above
-none of the above

stops

On a spectrogram, the acoustic features of a silent gap, release burst, voice onset time and formant transitions occur in

F

Vowel formants are unaffected by the speaker's age and gender

F(coarticulation)

The phenomenon of proceeding and following sounds overlapping and influencing one another is known as intonation

F(more)

Sibilants have more acoustic energy in the lower frequencies and are less intense than more sibilants

T

fricatives are more continuous sounds and appear as wide bands of acoustic energy, distributed over a broad range of frequencies on a spectrogram

T

voiceless stops are characterized by aspiration and their bursts are longer in duration than voiced stops

F

resonant systems always have a clear-cut point above which frequencies are amplified and below which they are attenuated

T

the vocal tract's irregular shape makes it a broadly tuned resonator that transmits a wide range of frequencies

F

The phoneme /t/ is an alveolar voiceless fricative

T

the traditional classification system of consonants has seven primary places of articulation and six manners of articulation in English

F

Formant transitions are characteristics of nasals, liquids and diphthongs

doesn't visualize mid and low vowels

one of the major disadvantages of electropalatography is

change in place

compensatory articulations may occur in an individual who presents with nasal emission resulting in

range of tongue movement

The slope index provides diagnostic information regarding

dysarthria

Slowing rate of speech is a popular therapeutic technique that may benefit individuals with

articulations do not reach their target before they begin the following sounds

Articulatory undershoot occurs when

all

Which of the following can affect a speaker's intelligibility?

-degree of precision of articulation

-rate of pitch

-loudness, pitch, prosody

all

Hearing impaired speakers may demonstrate

-difficulty producing enough variation in F0 to differentiate between declarative versus interrogative utterances

-flat or changing contours at the end of words, rather than falling contours

-production of alveolar and velar stops with the constriction farther back than typical

present in typical developing children

Which of the following is true of phonological processes?

phonemes require a strong buildup of oral pressure

Why are stops, fricatives, and affricates particularly difficult to produce for individuals with cleft palate?

a and b

Differences in articulatory parameters between individuals who stutter compared with fluent speakers?

-longer VOTs

-longer movement duration

-a and

-none

T

Electropalatography shows tongue contact patterns in real time giving instrumental feedback about the speaker's articulatory positions

F(static articulatory speech)

MRI technology is useful for imaging the vocal tract and articulators during rapid connected speech

F(kinematic info)

Intelligibility is often measure perceptually, which provides a detailed info about a speaker's underlying articulatory patterns

T

Individuals with dysarthria often exhibit difficulty with the timing of their articulatory movements

F (acoustic)

Perceptual measurements are useful for revealing timing abnormalities in speakers with ALS and aid in early detection of this disease

T

Speakers with dysarthria may demonstrate a reduced vowel space, in which values for corners vowel shifts to a more neutralized position

T

Showing spectrograms to a child producing a target sound has the advantage of providing instant visual feedback and is a beneficial therapeutic technique

T

Speakers with cleft palate may demonstrate velopharyngeal problems that contribute to distortions of resonance as well as misarticulations

T

Studies have shown that visual feedback devices (electropalatography) are useful and quick methods of aiding speakers with articulatory difficulties, but traditional speech therapy is required to facilitate generalization of the correct productions

F (hyper nasality)

Failure to prevent the outgoing flow of air during speech from escaping into the nasal cavities results in nasal emission and hyponasality

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, alveoli

pulmonary apparatus is made up of

cilia present in the tracheal epithelium

The filtering process that cleans air going into the lungs is achieved by

state of equilibrium in the respiratory system

Which statement is true of resting expiratory level?

expiratory reserve volume

The volume of air that can be exhaled below tidal volume

amount of air that can be inhaled from end-expiratory level

Inspiratory capacity is

10,20%

Normal adult quiet breathing and conversations speech use approximately what percent of viral capacity, respectively?

relaxation pressure

the passive recoil forces that occur during exhalation generate pressure known as

language being spoken by the speaker

All the following influence speech breathing patterns EXCEPT

all

Elderly adult may show which of the following characteristics?

-large rib cage and lung volume initiation and excursions

-larger volumes of air expended per speech breath

-fewer syllables per breath

F (two)

The left lung is larger than the right lung, and is composed of three lobes

T

As the bronchial tree continues to subdivide, the total surface area of the smaller branches is greatly increased

T

When the diaphragm contracts, the lower rib cage raises, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity

F (negative)

Positive pressure in the pleural space keeps the lungs and thorax connected and allows them to function as one unit

T

During speech, the rate of recoil forces must be controlled and the inspiratory muscles must contract in order to prevent the thoracic cavity and lungs from deflating too quickly

F

The abdominal muscles are only engaged during speech breathing when stressing specific syllables speaking a louder utterance

T

Residual volume is not under voluntary control and can never be voluntarily expired

F (rib cage, abdomen)

The abdominal wall is more efficient than the rib cage at changing lung volumes

F (voiceless, fricatives)

Voiced stops and affricates require a higher flow of air through the system than voiceless stops and fricatives

T

Due to their small airways, young children tend to generate higher pressures for speech than adults

C

Which of the following statements is not true?

-lung volume, pressures and flows and chest wall positioning are closely related to each other

-the positioning of the chest wall results in a particular volume of air in the lungs

-volume of air in the lungs directly influences the pressure in the abdomen

-it is possible to measure one parameter of aspiration and make inferences about another parameter from that information

FEV1

In terms of spirometry, the most common parameter assessed to measure lung functioning is

amount of air pressure a person can generate and sustain for a peroid of time

manometers are useful for

air flow

pneumotachometer measures