AP Bio Unit 8

Identify two behavioral changes in an organism due to internal cue.

Being tired/going to sleep and eating in response to hunger

Identify two behavioral changes in an organism due to an external cue.

Moving to the shade when hot and escaping from a predator

Identify two physiological changes in an organism due to an internal cue.

Increased heart rate during exercise and release of insulin after eating

How does an organism's responses to internal changes or external cues change their behavior?

It sends them signals to react to something a certain way without realizing it necessarily

What is differential reproductive success?

The ability of an organism to compete successfully for environmental resources, survive predators, resist disease and live to adulthood.

How does communication result in differential reproductive success?

Individuals may help each other out

What are the five types of signals individuals use to communicate with others? Describe the environment where each type is favorable

Pheromones (chemical), auditory cues, visual cues, tactile cues (touch), and electrical signals.

What is the function of animal communication?

find mates, establish dominance, defend territory, coordinate group behavior, and care for young

What is an innate behavior?

Behavior that develops without depending on learning or experience

What is a learned behavior?

behavior learned from environment

What type of behaviors does natural selection favor?

Efficiency at mating, avoiding predators, and foraging

What is cooperative behavior?

two or more groups directed toward a common goal which is mutually beneficial

How does cooperative behavior increase the fitness of an individual and the survival of the population?

Mutual benefits promotes survival

What is altruism?

behavior of an animal that benefits another at its own expense

How does altruism increase the population's reproductive fitness?

One helps the others' survival

What is an endotherm?

An animal that can generate its own body heat

How do endotherms regulate their body temperature?

Metabolic functions

What is an ectotherm?

an animal that is dependent on external sources of body heat.

How do ectotherms regulate their body temperature?

Move to the shade or the sun

Which organism requires more food consumption in a cooler environment? Endotherm or ectotherm

Endotherm

How would temperature effect oxygen consumption in an endotherm?

Affects cellular respiration in the plants/food that is consumed

What is the relationship between metabolic rate per unit body mass and the size of multicellular organisms?

generally, the smaller the organism, the higher the metabolic rate

What does a net gain in energy result in for an organism?

will be able to grow and store energy

What does a net loss in energy result in for an organism?

organism will lose mass and may eventually die

How does a change in energy available affect the population size?

Change in energy resources levels such as sunlight can affect the number and size of the trophic levels

How does a decrease in sunlight affect the number and sizes of each trophic level?

They all lessen

How does an increase in sunlight affect the number and sizes of each trophic level?

They all grow

How does a decrease in producers affect the size of other trophic levels?

Decrease

How does an increase in producers affect the number and size of other trophic levels?

Increase

What is an autotroph?

An organism that makes its own food

What is the function of an autotroph in capturing energy?

Converts light energy to chemical energy

How do photosynthetic organisms capture energy?

Chlorophyll captures light which then undergoes reactions

How do chemosynthetic organisms capture energy?

use of energy released by inorganic chemical reactions to produce food Ex: bacteria

True or False: Oxygen is required for the photosynthetic and chemosynthetic organism to capture energy

True

What is a heterotroph?

An organism that cannot make its own food.

What macromolecules can a heterotroph use for sources of energy?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

What makes up a population?

group of individuals of the same species that occupy the same environment and interact with each other

How do populations interact with one another?

Can either have varying effects on each other

How do populations interact with the environment?

Fulfill niches and promote growth and abundance in the environment

Identify two adaptations for obtaining energy and matter in the environment

Camouflage for predation and beaks of birds

Identify two adaptations for using energy and matter in the environment

Cellular respiration mechanisms and storage of fat layers

Identify two factors that population growth dynamics depend on

birth, death, immigration, and emigration

What is population growth?

an increase in the size of a population over time

What is exponential growth?

growth whose rate becomes ever more rapid in proportion to the growing total number or size.

What is density?

Mass per unit volume

What is carrying capacity?

largest number of individuals of a population that a given environment can support

What are density dependent factors? Give 3 examples

Limiting factors whose intensity is related to population density and can limit growth in natural populations (Competition, predation, disease)

How do density-dependent factors affect a population's growth?

limits growth of a population and causes it to fluctuate

What are density-independent factors? Give 3 examples

Limiting factors of population size that is not dependent on density (Ex: Tornado, climate change, fires)

How do density-independent factors affect a population's growth?

Causes it to fluctuate and limits it

What happens to the growth rate as the population size approaches the carrying capacity?

It slows

How is the structure of a community measured?

by diversity index

What is a species?

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

What is species composition?

The identity of the species present in a community.

What is species diversity?

Number of different species in the biosphere

Identify two properties of a diverse population

random mating, random fertilization

How do interactions among populations affect their ability to access energy and matter within a community?

Access different energy sources of different niches

What are positive interactions between populations?

Mutualism (ex. bee and flower) and commensalism (ex. anemones and crabs)

What are negative interactions between populations?

Parasitism (ex. fleas)

What are trophic cascades?

triggered by the addition or removal of top predators and involving reciprocal changes in the relative populations of predator and prey through a food chain

What is niche partitioning?

Process which natural selection drives competing species into using different resourses

Positive or negative interaction: Predation/prey interactions

negative

Positive or negative interaction: Trophic cascade

negative

Positive or negative interaction: Niche partitioning

positive

What is competition? How does it drive population dynamics?

the struggle between organisms to survive as they attempt to use the same limited resources. It makes it so that overpopulation cannot occur

What is predation?

the preying of one animal on others.

What is mutualism?

both organisms benefit

What is commensalism?

one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

What is cooperation?

working together for the good of all

How does cooperation affect access to matter and energy?

Introduces different/more resources

In terms of component parts and diversity, what type of ecosystem is more resilient to changes in the environment?

diverse ecosystems

What are keystone species?

a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically.

What are producers?

Organisms that make their own food

What are abiotic factors?

nonliving factors

What abiotic factors are essential in maintaining the diversity in an ecosystem?

water, temperature, CO2

What are biotic factors?

living things

What are biotic factors that are essential in maintaining diversity in an ecosystem?

Producers, predation

How does the diversity of a species affect ecosystem stability?

Higher diversity increases stability and resilience to environmental disruptions

How does the diversity of a species within an ecosystem influence the organization of the ecosystem?

greater stability

Identify an example of an addition to an ecosystem and its effect—short-term structure

Introduction of an invasive plant leading to rapid resource depletion and crowding out of local producers

Identify an example of an addition to an ecosystem and its effect—long-term structure

Introduction of a new predator causing permanent food web shifts and alteration of carrying capacities

Identify a keystone species. What would occur if it were removed from the ecosystem?

A lion—if removed then predation would fall causing the prey to boom and then collapse

What is an invasive species?

A species that lands in a new place and upsets the natural balance

How are invasive species able to exploit an area?

By introducing a new predator and throwing off balance, and consume resources

What does the population growth rate curve look like?

Like a curve with a swiggly thing on top

How do invasive species affect ecosystem dynamics?

throw it off

What is a local ecosystem?

all the living individuals of a particular species living within the ecosystem

What is a global ecosystem?

the totality of living things residing on the Earth

How does the distribution of an ecosystem change over time?

generally change gradually until there is a pressure put on that makes it change rapidly

What happens to an ecosystem when a new disease is introduced?

falls and evolves

What happens to an ecosystem due to human activity?

falls

What is biogeography?

Geographic distribution of species.