Exam 2 C&P

What are the five operational rules for maintaining safe athletic facilities?

Inspect the area first, ensure unobstructed access, keep equipment in factory condition, remove unsafe equipment from service, and document repairs.

What factors should be considered when designing an athletic health care facility?

Size, accessibility, workflow efficiency, safety, sanitation, and the needs of the athletic program.

What are the major functional areas of an athletic health care facility?

Taping and treatment, wet area, rehabilitation, examination room, office, storage, and emergency areas.

What equipment and features are important in a taping and treatment area?

Adjustable treatment tables and organized tape and supply storage.

What safety features are necessary in a wet treatment area?

Sinks, drains, appropriate water-treatment equipment, and slip-resistant flooring.

What is the primary purpose of a rehabilitation area?

To provide space and equipment for therapeutic exercise and functional recovery.

What is the primary function of an examination room?

To evaluate athletes using diagnostic equipment while maintaining privacy.

What are two important functions of the athletic health care office?

Maintaining secure records and monitoring facility operations.

What is the difference between a policy and a procedure?

A policy establishes rules or expectations, while a procedure explains the steps for carrying them out

What are examples of athletic health care policies?

Eligibility for care, scope of services, and supervision guidelines

What are examples of athletic health care procedures?

Emergency action plans, sanitation practices, and referral processes.

Why must policies and procedures follow professional standards and legal requirements?

To support consistent care, protect athletes, and reduce legal risks.

What are expendable supplies?

Items that are used up or need regular replacement, such as tape, bandages, gloves, and disinfectants

What are nonexpendable supplies or equipment?

Durable items intended for repeated use rather than routine consumption

What is the difference between fixed and non-fixed equipment?

one stays installed in a designated location, while the other can be moved.

What are examples of fixed and non-fixed equipment?

An ice machine or installed ultrasound unit is fixed equipment; crutches and medical kits are non-fixed equipment.

What expenses should an athletic health care budget include besides equipment and supplies?

Maintenance, insurance, training, and utilities.

Why is documentation important in athletic health care?

It supports continuity of care, tracks treatment, and provides evidence of actions taken

What types of records should an athletic health care program maintain?

Injury reports, treatment logs, progress notes, inventories, and annual reports.

What does HIPAA primarily protect?

The privacy and security of protected health information

What does FERPA primarily protect?

The privacy of covered student education records

What is the key distinction between HIPAA and FERPA?

HIPAA governs protected health information in covered settings, while FERPA governs covered education records

What are the main purposes of a preparticipation physical examination (PPE)?

Identify potential health risks, establish baseline information, and meet participation requirements.

What are the major components of a PPE?

Medical history, physical examination, orthopedic screening, wellness assessment, and indicated special tests

What are the two common formats for conducting a PPE?

An individual physician examination and a station-based examination

What does OSHA regulate in the athletic health care setting?

Workplace safety requirements, including applicable bloodborne pathogen protections and sanitation standards.

What is informed consent?

Permission given after a person receives an explanation of the proposed care, its risks, benefits, and alternatives.

Why may parental consent be necessary when treating minors?

A parent or legal guardian may need to authorize care when the minor cannot legally provide that authorization independently.

What is the purpose of Good Samaritan laws?

To provide certain legal protections to people who voluntarily provide emergency assistance, subject to applicable legal conditions

What is the purpose of liability insurance for an athletic health care professional?

To provide financial protection against covered claims arising from professional responsibilities.

What are the essential components of an effective athletic health care program?

Facility planning, organized policies, budgeting, documentation, preparticipation examinations, and legal compliance

What is the primary role of carbohydrates during high-intensity athletic activity?

They provide rapidly available energy, particularly for high-intensity efforts involving fast-twitch muscle fibers.

In what form and locations does the body store carbohydrates for later use?

As glycogen in skeletal muscle and the liver.

What can happen when an athlete’s carbohydrate stores become depleted?

Fatigue, impaired movement mechanics, reduced performance, and increased injury risk.

What is the recommended daily carbohydrate intake for athletes according to the PowerPoint?

Approximately 3–10 grams per kilogram of body weight, adjusted for training demands.

What is the primary role of protein in athletic recovery?

Repairing and remodeling tissues, supporting tendon collagen synthesis, and rebuilding muscle proteins.

What is the recommended daily protein intake for athletes according to the PowerPoint?

Approximately 1.4–2.0 grams per kilogram of body weight.

How should athletes distribute protein intake throughout the day according to the PowerPoint?

Across approximately 3–5 meals, with around 20–40 grams per meal.

What are three important functions of dietary fat in athletes?

Supporting hormone production, absorbing fat-soluble vitamins, and maintaining cellular membrane integrity.

What percentage of daily calories should come from fat according to the PowerPoint?

Approximately 20–35%

How is energy availability calculated?

Subtract exercise energy expenditure from energy intake, then divide the result by fat-free mass

What is the optimal energy availability threshold listed in the PowerPoint?

Greater than 45 kcal per kilogram of fat-free mass per day.

What energy availability level is associated with low energy availability (LEA) in the PowerPoint?

Less than 30 kcal per kilogram of fat-free mass per day.

What does low energy availability mean for an athlete?

Energy intake is insufficient relative to exercise demands to adequately support normal physiological functions.

What does REDs stand for?

Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport

How can chronic low energy availability affect bone health?

It can suppress sex hormones, decrease bone mineral density, and increase stress fracture risk.

How can chronic low energy availability affect metabolism and thyroid function?

It can lower resting metabolic rate and reduce T3 thyroid hormone levels.

How can chronic low energy availability affect the immune system?

It can increase susceptibility to upper respiratory infections and slow tissue healing.

How can chronic low energy availability affect neuromuscular performance?

It can reduce strength, impair coordination, deplete glycogen stores, and increase muscle strain risk.

What are three potential warning signs of REDs in an athlete?

Sudden performance declines, recurring stress fractures, and menstrual irregularities.

What can a body mass deficit of 1–2% due to fluid loss cause?

Impaired temperature regulation, increased core temperature, and greater cardiovascular strain.

What can a body mass deficit of 3–4% due to fluid loss cause?

A 10–20% reduction in high-intensity performance capacity, impaired coordination, and rapid neuromuscular fatigue.

What major risks are associated with a body mass deficit of 5% or more due to fluid loss?

Severe heat illness and potential organ dysfunction.

Why may drinking plain water alone be insufficient during prolonged, heavy sweating?

It does not adequately replace the electrolytes lost in sweat and can contribute to an imbalance if fluid intake is excessive relative to sodium replacement.

What is the primary role of sodium in fluid balance?

Maintaining extracellular fluid balance, supporting osmotic pressure, and helping prevent hyponatremia.

What are important functions of potassium and magnesium during exercise?

Supporting normal neuromuscular transmission and muscle function.

How much fluid should an athlete drink approximately four hours before activity according to the PowerPoint?

5–7 mL per kilogram of body weight.

When and how much additional fluid may be needed before activity?

Approximately two hours before activity, an additional 3–5 mL per kilogram if there has been no urine output or the urine is dark.

What is the recommended fluid intake rate during activity according to the PowerPoint?

Approximately 0.4–0.8 liters per hour, adjusted for individual sweat rate and environmental conditions.

What type of drink is recommended during sessions lasting longer than 60 minutes according to the PowerPoint?

A carbohydrate-electrolyte drink containing approximately 6–8% carbohydrate.

Why should athletes be weighed before and after exercise?

To estimate body mass lost during activity and calculate fluid replacement needs.

How much fluid replacement is recommended for each kilogram of body mass lost during exercise?

Approximately 1.5 liters per kilogram lost.

How much fluid should an athlete replace after losing 2 kg during exercise, using the PowerPoint’s formula?

Approximately 3 liters.

When should athletes consume carbohydrates after training to support glycogen restoration according to the PowerPoint?

Within approximately 30–60 minutes after exercise.

What is the recommended nutritional priority when selecting recovery foods or supplements?

Prioritize whole-food sources before considering dietary supplements.

What causes heat stress during exercise?

The body cannot dissipate heat effectively enough to maintain a safe internal temperature

What are four strategies for preventing heat-related illness?

Hydration, environmental monitoring, appropriate clothing, and gradual acclimatization.

What is heat acclimatization?

The physiological adaptation that occurs when a person is gradually exposed to exercise in hot conditions

How long should progressive heat acclimatization generally take according to the PowerPoint?

Approximately 7–14 days

What are four physiological adaptations that occur with heat acclimatization?

More efficient sweating, stabilized circulation, lower core temperature during exercise, and improved electrolyte balance.

What does WBGT stand for?

Wet Bulb Globe Temperature.

What environmental factors does WBGT account for when assessing heat stress?

Temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation.

Why is WBGT more useful than air temperature alone when assessing heat risk?

It accounts for multiple environmental factors that affect the body’s ability to manage heat.

What causes heat cramps, and how are they treated?

Painful muscle spasms associated with fluid and electrolyte imbalance; treatment includes rest, fluid replacement, and gentle stretching.

What are common signs of heat exhaustion?

Heavy sweating, pale skin, dizziness, and a rapid pulse, often with a core temperature below 104°F.

What is the immediate treatment for suspected heat exhaustion?

Stop activity, move the athlete out of the heat, begin cooling, and provide appropriate rehydration if the athlete is alert and able to drink safely.

What two major findings characterize exertional heat stroke?

Markedly elevated core temperature, typically above 104°F, and central nervous system dysfunction.

What are examples of central nervous system dysfunction during heat stroke?

Confusion, disorientation, seizures, or altered consciousness.

What is the priority treatment for suspected exertional heat stroke?

Begin rapid cooling, preferably cold-water immersion when available, activate emergency medical services, and monitor vital signs.

Why is exertional heat stroke a medical emergency?

It can rapidly cause severe organ damage and death without immediate treatment.

What is hypothermia, and what temperature threshold is given in the PowerPoint?

A dangerous drop in body temperature below 95°F.

What are common signs of hypothermia?

Shivering, slurred speech, apathy, and loss of motor control.

What should be done when treating hypothermia?

Remove wet clothing, provide gradual rewarming, and offer warm fluids only if the person is fully conscious and can swallow safely.

What is frostnip?

A mild, superficial cold injury that can cause pale or reddened skin and numbness.

What are signs of superficial frostbite?

Hard or waxy-looking skin and possible blistering after rewarming.

What may indicate deep frostbite?

Hard, severely damaged, or blackened tissue that may require surgical treatment, including possible amputation.

What are common symptoms of frostbite?

Cold or prickling skin, numbness, abnormal skin coloration, stiffness, and possible blistering after rewarming.

What are four strategies for preventing cold-related injuries?

Wear layers, keep clothing dry, cover exposed skin, and maintain adequate hydration and caloric intake.

What environmental measure should be monitored to evaluate cold exposure?

The wind chill index.

What is the flash-to-bang method?

Counting the seconds between seeing lightning and hearing thunder to estimate how far away the storm is.

What flash-to-bang count indicates that athletes should seek shelter according to the PowerPoint?

A count of 30 seconds or less.

What lightning safety radius is listed for UCA in the PowerPoint?

An 8-mile radius.

Where should athletes go when lightning threatens?

A substantial enclosed building or an enclosed vehicle.

How long must activity remain suspended after the last thunder?

At least 30 minutes

What are common symptoms of acute mountain sickness?

Headache, nausea, and fatigue

What is high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)?

A serious altitude-related illness involving fluid accumulation in the lungs and difficulty breathing.

What is high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE)?

A serious altitude-related illness involving brain swelling, which can cause confusion and coma.

What symptoms may indicate a dangerous altitude-related illness?

Severe headache, difficulty breathing, or confusion.

How can air pollution affect athletic performance and safety?

Smog, ozone, and airborne particles can impair respiratory function.

What does AQI stand for, and how is it used in athletic safety?

Air Quality Index, which helps assess pollution levels and determine whether outdoor activity should be modified or canceled