Gr 11 Bio Unit test 1 - Diversity

What are the characteristics that all living things share?

1. Cellular structure and function: Made up of cells

2. Reproduction: All living things reproduce

3. Metabolism: Use energy to survive

4. Homeostasis: Can maintain a stable internal environment

5. Heredity: Passes traits to their offsprings

6. Evolution: Changes traits over generations

7. Interdependence: Ability to interact with their environment

Name the taxa in order from broadest to most specific.

1. Domain

2. Kingdom

3. Phylum

4. Class

5. Order

6. Family

7. Genus

8. Species

Know the rules for naming using binomial nomenclature.

Genus has to start with capitalized letter, species all lowercase, all underlined or italicized, genus first species second.

What is a dichotomous key used for?

A tool used to identify unknown organisms by using pairs of contrasting descriptors and then going step by step to find the correct identification.

Describe the basic structure of a virus.

Has either RNA or DNA. Has a capsid (protective protein coating and helps them to attach to host cells). Animal viruses often have an envelope (derived from the host cell as extra protection).

Describe how viruses are classified.

1. Host type

2. Genome type

3. Envelope

4. Capsid shape

5. Transmission type

6. DNA/RNA

7. Nucleic acids structure (single strand or double strand)

Name 3 harmful viruses.

1. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

2. Zika virus

3. Influenza virus

Describe how the lytic cycle of viral reproduction differs from the lysogenic cycle. Which one is more virulent?

The lytic cycle has the viruses replicate and destroy the host cell immediately after entry whereas the lysogenic cycle has the viruses lay dormant while the cells naturally divide and make more copies of the virus and then once triggered the viruses replicate and burst out of the host cells at once. The lytic cycle is more virulent as it happens rapidly while the lysogenic cycle may never even be activated at all.

Distinguish between viroids and prions.

Viriods are small infectious pieces of RNA that interfere with normal RNA functions in their host cells in plants. These pieces are smaller than a virus and lack a capsid. Prions however are proteins that change from their normal form to harmful particles that have the same chemical composition but different shape. It causes several deadly brain diseases.

Live attenuated vaccine

A weakened version of the pathogen is introduced to the body.

Inactivated vaccines

A dead version of the pathogen is introduced to the body.

Subunit vaccine

Only the antigen from the pathogen is introduced to the body.

DNA vaccine

The DNA from the antigen from the pathogen is introduced to the body.

What was the first successful vaccine? Who is credited with this discovery?

Made for smallpox, made out of cowpox, discovered by Edward Jenner.

What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Membrane bound organelles and the presence of a nucleus.

Similarities between ARCHAEA and EUBACTERIA.

They are both prokaryotes therefore are: single-celled organisms without membrane-bound organelles, they have a single circular chromosome and 1-2 micrometers long

Differences between ARCHAEA and EUBACTERIA.

• Environment type (extreme or normal)

• Cell wall structure

• Lipids in their plasma membranes

• Reactions to antibiotics

• Different tRNA and sRNA bases

Describe the shapes of bacterial cells.

1. Coccus (cocci): spheres

2. Bacillus (bacilli): rods

3. Sprillum (spirillo): spirals

Describe the arrangement of bacterial cells.

1. Diplo: pairs

2. strepto: chains

3. staphylo: clusters

Describe the metabolism (means of obtaining energy) of bacterial cells.

1. Heterotrophs: gets their energy by decomposing other organisms

2. Photosynthetic autotrophs: uses energy from the sun to create their own food

3. Chemosynthetic autotrophs: uses inorganic materials in their environment to obtain energy.

What is the difference between binary fission and conjugation?

Binary fission: Asexual reproduction

Conjugation: Sexual reproduction

Describe three ways in which bacteria are helpful. 

1. Decomposition

2. Digestion

3. Nitrogen fixing

Name the groups of ARCHAEA and the environments in which they live.

• Halophiles: highly saline environments

• Extreme thermophiles: extremely hot environments

• Methanogens: low-oxygen environments

• Psychrophiles: extremely cold environments

• Thermoacidophiles: hot acidic environments

Explain what antibiotic resistance is and how human behaviour is contributing to it.

When a bacteria is no longer susceptible to die or get weakened by antibiotics which makes it much more difficult for us to treat bacterial infections. Human behaviour is contributing by the overuse (adding anti-bacterial agents in household cleaning products) and misuse (prescribing antibiotics for viral infections) of antibiotics.

Explain the theory of endosymbiosis.

A larger anaerobic prokaryotic cell engulfed a smaller aerobic prokaryote but did not digest it. Over time the two cells become co-depended and the aerobic prokaryote evolved into what is now known as the mitochondria. Some of the early eukaryotic cells partook in a second endosymbiotic event and engulfed a photosynthetic prokaryote which later evolved into what is now known as a chloroplast.

Describe how PROTISTS are classified.

1. Animal-like protists: protozoans

2. Plant-like protists: algae

3. Fungi-like protists: moulds

What is the one unifying characteristic of protists?

All protists are eukaryotic.

Describe how Protozoans are classified.

By how they move.

Four main divisions of protozoans:

1. Sarcodina: pseudopodia

2. Ciliaphora: cilia

3. Zoomastigma: flagella

4. Apicomplexa: non-motile

What are the characteristics of the FUNGI kingdom?

• Eucarkyotic

• Multicellular (with the exception of yeast), many nuclei per cell

• Has cell walls made out of chitin

• Is stationary, anchored in soil, without roots

• Reproduces sexually and asexually using spores

• heterotrophs

• Stores glucose as glycogen

Distinguish between hyphae and mycelium?

Hyphae is thin, colorless, hairlike structures that make up the body of fungi. Mycelium is a large net of intertwining hyphae underneath the soil.

Name 2 human diseases caused by fungi.

1. Ringworm

2. Athlete’s foot

What type of fungus is causing a drastic decline in amphibian populations around the globe?

Chytridiomycota

How are fungi useful?

They are important decomposers in our enviroments. They are often food sources. They are also used in many drugs such as antibiotics.

How are fungi similar to plants?

• Eukaryotic

• Multicellular (with the exception of yeast)

• Are stationary

• Anchored in soil

• Reproduces sexually and asexually

• Has cell walls

How are fungi different from plants?

• Many nuclei per cell

• Heterotrophs

• No roots

• Have chitin in cell walls

• Stores glucose as glycogen

• Reproduces using spores

What are two reasons that scientists consider fungi to be more closely related to animals than plants?

1. The chitin in their structural compound

2. The fact that they are both heterotrophic

What is a symbiotic relationship (symbiosis)? Describe an example using a fungus.

A relationship that is mutually beneficial. For example: the relationship, called lichen, between fungi and cayanobacteria in which the mycelium provides the cyanobacteria with protections, water and mineral nutrients and the cyanobacteria provides the fungi with food.

Name the 5 Phyla of the kingdom Fungi and describe their key features.

1. Chytridiomycota: Most primitive, as swimming spores, causes diseases in amphibians

2. Zygomycota: Includes bread mould

3. Ascomycota: Many from this category are useful to humans (ex. yeast, penecilin), some may cause serious disease (ex. aspergillu)

4. Basidomycota: reproduces using basidia. Include mushrooms, pufballs, bracket fungi. Important decomposers of woody plants (lignin).

5. Glomeromycota: Forms symbiotic relationships with tree roots (reproduces asexually only).

Name the 4 major divisions of plants and give an example of each.

1. Bryophytes: Moss

2. Pteridophytes: Ferns

3. Gymnosperms: Pine

4. Angiosperms: Lilies

What is the difference between a gametophyte and a sporophyte?

• Gametophyte: The haploid generation. Has cells with one set of chromosomes.

• Sporophyte: The dipliod generation. Has cells with two sets of chromosomes.

For each division of plants, state the dominant stage (gametophyte or sporophyte).

1. Bryophytes: Gametophyte

2. Pteridophytes: Sporophyte

3. Gymnosperms: Sporophyte

4. Angiosperms: Sporophyte

State 3 current threats to plant biodiversity.

1. Habitat destruction

2. Invasive species

3. Pollution

What are the basic characteristics of all plants?

1. Multicellular eukaryotes

2. Producers (photosynthetic autotrophs)

3. Has cell walls made of cellulose

4. Sessile

5. Has a life cycle known as the alternation of generations

What are tracheophytes?

Tracheophytes are vascular plants that permit the presence of true roots, stems and leaves. They tend to be larger than non-vascular plants and are found in variety of habitats.

Which plant divisions are classified as tracheophytes?

• pterdiophytes

• Gymnosperms

• Angiosperms

What are spermatophytes?

Spermatophytes are plants that reproduce using seeds, not spores.

Which plant divisions are classified as spermatophytes?

• Angisperms

• Gymnosperms

How are gymnosperms and angiosperms the same?

They both have sporophyte as their dominant life cycle generation, they both have vascular tissue, and they both have seeds.

How are gymnosperms and angiosperms different?

Angiosperms have flowers which encase their seeds whereas gymnosperms have naked seeds (ex. pinecones).

How can you determine whether a mature plant is a monocot and a dicot?

• Leaf venation: Monocots are parallel, dicots are net-like

• Number of petals: Monocots occurs in 3s, dicots have 4 or 5

• Roots: Monocots have fiberous roots, dicots have taproots

• Vascular bundle arragnement: Monocots are scattered, dicots are arranged in a ring

Describe the role of dermal tissue.

Protects against injury, herbivores, disease, and water loss.

Describe the roles of vascular tissue.

Transports water (xylem)and nutrients (phloem) and supports the body of the plant.

Describe the roles of ground tissue (about 90% of all tissue).

Stores carbohydrates in the form of starch, supports the growth and development of the plant, protects the plant.

What is the difference between xylem and phloem?

• Xylem: thick-walled, dead at maturity, transports water

• Phloem: Thin-walled, alive at maturity, transports nutrients

What types of cells make up ground tissue?

1. Parenchyma: thin-walled, alive at maturity

2. Collenchyma: thick-walled, alive at maturity

3. Sclerenchyma: cells with lignin, dead at maturity

Which cell type is more prevalent in woody plants?

Sclerenchyma

Function of leaves:

• Primary site for photosynthesis

• Important for gas exchange

• May offer protection from herbivours

Function of stems:

• Connects vascular tissue in leaves to vascular tissues in roots

• Raises and supports leaves and reproductive organs

• Can be modified to hold water and carbohydrates

• Has adaptations to protect against herbaviours

Function of roots:

• Anchors the plant and keeps it upright

• Absorbs water and nutrients

• Some can store water and carbohydrates

What is the difference between asymmetry, radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry? Provide an example of an animal phyla that exhibits each type of symmetry.

• Asymmetry: Is irregular in shape and has no symmetry (Sponges).

• Radial Symmetry: Can be divided by any plane through the central axis into roughly equal halves (Sea Stars).

• Bilateral Symmetry: Can be divided down its length into similar left and right halves (Butterflies).

What is the difference between a protostome and deuterostome?

• Protosome: The blastopore develops into the mouth first

• Deutrostome: The blastopore develops into the anus first

Which animal phyla are protostomes?

1. Platyhelminthes

2. Nematoda

3. Annelida

4. Mollusca

5. Arthropoda

Which phyla are deuterostomes?

1. Echinodermata

2. Chordata

What is cephalization?

An evolutionary trend where the nervous system and main sensory organs are concentrated in the anterior end of an animal to form a distinct head.

How do animals with cephalization respond differently to the environment?

Animals with cephalization tend to be more aware of their surrounding and are able to make directed, complex, rapid decisions.

What is a coelom?

A fluid-filled body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm.

Give an example of an acoelomate, pseudocoelomate and coelomate animal.

• Acoelomate: Flatworms

• Pseudocoelomate: Roundworms

• Coelomate: Segmented worms

What is the main difference between flatworms (Platyhelminthes), roundworms (Nematoda) and segmented worms (Annelida)?

Flatworms are acoelomates, roundworms are pseudocoelomates, and segmented worms are coelomates.

What is an endoderm and identify what types of tissues are formed.

The inner surface of the gastrula. Developes into the digestive tract and organs.

What is a mesoderm and identify what types of tissues are formed.

Lies between the ectoderm and endoderm. Forms the musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, excretory system, reproductive system, and respiratory system.

What is an ectoderm and identify what types of tissues.

The outer surface of the gastrula. Forms the skin and nvervous tissue as well as any other body covering.

Describe what it means to be diploblastic and triploblastic.

Diploblastic means the organism has 2 germ layers and triploblastic means the organism has 3 germ layers.

How are worms used to treat inflammatory diseases?

Worms have been used to treat inflammatory diseases as a part of helminthic therapy. Certain worms tend to release a protein called interleukin-10 which reduces inflammation.

What phylum do hookworms and whipworms belong to?

Nematoda

What type of worm can help to promote blood flow to damaged tissue? What phylum does it belong in?

Leeches. Phylum Annelida.

Define asexual and sexual reproduction.

• Asexual reproduction: requires one parent, creates genetically identical offspring through mitosis

• Sexual reproduction: requires 2 parents, creates genetically unique offspring through fertilization

What are the advantages of sexual and asexual reproduction?

• Asexual reproduction: mates are not needed, populations and grow faster, safer for males as they do not need to attract mates and risk attracting predators or competition, takes less energy

• Sexual reproduction: More genetic variety, more likely to survive in unstable environments, “speeds up” evolution.

What are the disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction?

• Asexual reproduction: lack of genetic variation, less likely to survive in unstable environments, “slows down” evolution.

• Sexual reproduction: requires time and energy, may cause disturbances to usual patterns to search for mates, males might put themselves in danger by attracting predators and/or competition.

Describe some of the ways in which animals reproduce asexually.

1. Budding: a new growth forms on the parent and eventually detaches to form another genetically identical individual (ex. hydras).

2. Gemmulation: an aggregation of cells that are surrounded by a resistant capsule, called a gammule, forms a new individual once released (ex. sponges).

3. Fragmentation: when the body of an organism is broken into 2 or more parts (each of which form a new individual) (ex. sea stars).

4. Parthenogenesis: an unfertilized egg either merges with a polar body through mitosis to develop into a complete individual or creates a new individual through mitosis with only the unfertilized egg (ex. bees).

What is a hermaphrodite? What is the advantage of hermaphroditism?

A hermaphrodite is an organism that has both male and female reproductive organs. Some hermaphrodites can self-fertilize making it safer and more efficient, in other cases it can lead to double fertilization with 2 organisms fertilizing each other.

What is the difference between a simultaneous hermaphrodite and a sequential hermaphrodite?

• Simultaneous hermaphrodire: during mating the organisms exchange sperm to fertilize each other’s eggs.

• Sequential hermaphrodite: genetically programmed sex change occurs within an individual organism.

Explain the sequence of events from fertilization → gastrulation in embryonic development (basics)

1. Zygote: the cell that is formed with the union of the male and female gamets

2. Cleavage: the rapid cell division that occurs after fertilization.

3. Morula: small, solid ball of blastomere (undifferentiated embryonic cells produced through cleveage) cells

4. Blastula: hollow, fluid-filled ball of cells (occurs in all multicellular animals)

5. Gastrula: the formation of 1 or 2 germ layers