Physciology Exam 2 Blood & Immunology

3 primary functions of blood

transport, regulation, protection

3 components of plasma

water, proteins, other

Acts as the primary solvent that dissolves and transports organic/inorganic molecules, formed elements, and heat throughout the body (percentage in plasma)

water 92

Albumins (60%): Major contributors to osmotic pressure in plasma; transport lipids and steroid hormones

.

Globulins (35%): Transport ions, hormones, and lipids; participate in immune defense

.

Fibrinogen (4%): Essential component of the blood clotting system that converts into insoluble fibrin strands

.

Regulatory proteins (<1%): Include enzymes, proenzymes, and hormones (% of plasma)

Protein 7-8

Major contributors to osmotic pressure in plasma; transport lipids and steroid hormones

Albumins (60%)

Transport ions, hormones, and lipids; participate in immune defense

Globulins (35%)

Essential component of the blood clotting system that converts into insoluble fibrin strands

Fibrinogen (4%)

Include enzymes, proenzymes, and hormones

Regulatory proteins (<1%)

• Electrolytes: Maintain normal extracellular fluid ion composition essential for cellular activities and contribute to osmotic pressure810.

• Organic Nutrients (e.g., glucose, amino acids, fatty acids): Used for cellular ATP production, growth, and tissue maintenance810.

• Organic Wastes (e.g., urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin): Carried to excretory organs for breakdown or excretion810.

Other Solutes (~1% of plasma)

Three Components of Formed Elements

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

Non-cellular cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes that function in hemostasis by sticking to exposed collagen and forming a temporary platelet plug at injured blood vessel sites

Platelets

pH of blood is (slightly____)

7.35-7.45 (basic)

average voluem of blood is ___ for men and __ for women

5-6, 4-5

Blood distibutes (transports)

O2, nutrients, horomones

Blood regulates…

temp, pH, total volume of fliuds

blood protects by..

clotting, antibodies

blood transports oxygen from the lungs and _____ from the digestive tract

nutrients

blood transports ____ from cells to lungs and kidneys for elimination

metabolic wastes

blood transports _____ from endocrine glands to target organs

horomones

blood maintains (regulates) appropriate ____ _____ by absorbing and distributing heat

body temperature

blood maintains (regulates) ____ __ in body tissues using buffer systems

normal pH

blood maintains (regulates) adaequate ____ _____ in the circulatory system

fluid volume

Blood prevents blood loss by activating plasma proteins and ____

platelets

Blood prevents blood loss by initiating ___ ______ when a vessel is broken

clot formation

Blood prevents infection by synthesizing and utilizing _____

antibodies

blood prevents blood loss by: activating plasma proteins and _____

platelets

blood prevents blood loss by: initiating ___ ______ when a vessel is broken

clot formation

blood prevents infection by: synthesizing and utilizing _____

antibodies

blood prevents infection by: activating ______ proteins

complement

blood prevents infection by: activating ____ to defend the body against foreign invaders

WBCs

centrifuged blood is % plasma, % buffy coat, __ % erythocytes & platelets

55,1, 44

Buffy coat is composed of ___ and ____

leukocytes and platelets

the % of RBCs out of total blood volume

Hematocrit

The _____ elements are essentially RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

formed

Only WBC are complete cells, ___ have no nuclei or organelles, and ___ are just cell fragments

RBCs and Platelets

Erythocytes account for slighlty less then half the blood ___ and 99.9% of the ____ elements

volume, formed

RBCs are biconcave discs with no nucleus (aka)

anucleate

RBCs are filled with ______ a protein that functions in gas transport

hemoglobin

blood cell formation

hematopoiesis

_____ gives rise to all formed elements

hemocytoblasts

Phase one of RBC production

Ribosome synthesis

Phase 2 of RBC production

Hemoglobin accumulation

Phase 3 of RBC production

Ejection of nucleus

circulating erythocytes - the number remains _____ and reflects a balance between RBC production and destruction

constat

too few blood cells lead to tissue ___

hypoxia

_______ (EPO) release by the kidneys is triggered by low O2, decreased rbc, decresed o2 avaliability, increased demand for o2

Erythropoietin

Blood prevents blood loss by initiating ___ ______

clot formation

Liquid extracellular matrix of blood

plasma

Cellular components of blood

formed elements

Most abundant component of plasma (~92%)

water

Major plasma protein maintaining osmotic pressure

albumin

Plasma protein converted into insoluble fibrin strands during clotting

fibrinogen

Plasma proteins involved in lipid transport and immunity

globulins

Three components of formed elements

erythrocytes leukocytes and platelets

Anucleate biconcave cell specialized for gas transport

erythrocyte

Nucleated cell that defends against infection and pathogens

leukocyte

Cell fragment derived from megakaryocytes involved in hemostasis

platelet

Hormone released by kidneys in response to low oxygen levels

erythropoietin

Primary stimulus for erythropoietin release

tissue hypoxia

Target organ of erythropoietin where RBCs are generated

red bone marrow

Process of producing red blood cells

erythropoiesis

Pluripotent stem cell giving rise to all formed elements Delete?

hemocytoblast

Committed cell stage in erythropoiesis

proerythroblast

Average lifespan of a functional erythrocyte

120 days

Organ where macrophages primarily engulf and recycle aged RBCs

spleen

Hemoglobin component broken down into amino acids

globin

Blood protein responsible for transporting iron

transferrin

Intracellular protein that stores iron in the liver

ferritin

Green pigment formed from iron-free heme inside macrophages delete?

biliverdin

Yellow pigment formed from biliverdin that travels to the liver

bilirubin

Intestinal pigment converted from bilirubin that gives feces its color

stercobilin

Yellow pigment excreted in urine

urobilin

Slower clotting pathway initiated by factors present within blood

intrinsic pathway

Rapid clotting pathway initiated by Tissue Factor released by damaged tissue

extrinsic pathway

Antiplatelet medication that prevents platelet aggregation

aspirin

Anticoagulant that prevents thrombin from converting fibrinogen to fibrin

heparin

Anticoagulant that inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in the liver

warfarin

A simple protein that makes up approximately 58% of the plasma proteins. Many act as transport molecules. *

Albumin

A simple protein that makes up approximately 37% of the plasma proteins. Many act as part of the immune system.

Globulin

Plasma without the clotting factors

Serum

The liquid portion of blood connective tissue.

Plasma

A protein that forms blood clots.

Fibrin

What immune cells have memory?

CD4 (T-helper), CD8 (t-cell), B-cells

What immune cells are innate immunity?

Neutrophil, Mac / DC, Natural killers

Macrophage / Dendritic Cell

Mac /DC

. What is the role of erythropoietin in blood homeostasis?

response to low O2 promoted RBC formation

Ribosome Synthesis

Early erythroblasts produce large amounts of ribosomes

Hemoglobin Accumulation

Late erythroblasts and normoblasts accumulate hemoglobin within their cytoplasm

Ejection of Nucleus

Normoblasts eject their nucleus to become reticulocytes, which enter circulation and mature into functional erythrocytes within a day

Bacteria

unicellular prokaryotes

fungi and parasites

unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes

_______ remove dead and dying cells

Phagocytes

When it comes to resisting invaders, there are three defenses

Physical Barriers, non-specific and specific defenses

Epithelia

Cilia

Mucous

Hair

Gastric juices

Antimicrobial proteins

Symbiotic bacteria

are all example of what kind of defense

barrier

Adaptive Immunity: Response to _____ involves specific T- and B-lymphocytes

antigen

what phagocyte is FOUND IN nearly every tissue in the body

Monocytes

Leave bone marrow

Blood stream

Enter tissues and become macrophages and dendritic cells (DC’s)

FOUND IN nearly every tissue in the body

Monocytes

Fixed type are constrained to one organ (microglia)

Free type are able to roam anywhere

Monocyte-macrophage system

• Neutrophils and eosinophils are _______

microphages

How they fight:

Essentially swallows cellular debris and foreign pathogens

Move by diapedesis (they can move out of vessels)

Exhibit chemotaxis (they can attract other wbcs)

Phagocytes