[LAB] Bone Markings and Structures

Tubercle

A small, rounded process

Line

A slightly raised, elongated ridge

Ramus

Anatomical branching or forking

Trochanter

A massive process unique to the femur

Condyle

A rounded knob that articulates with another bone

Process

Any bony prominence; a piece that sticks out from the main part of the bone

Crest

A narrow ridge

Facet

A smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface

Fissure

A slit through a bone

Canal

A tubular passage or tunnel in a bone

Sinus

An air-filled space or cavity in a bone

Meatus

An opening into a canal

Foramen

A hole through a bone, usually round

Tuberosity

A rough elevated surface

Spine

A sharp, slender, or narrow process

Head

A prominent expanded end of a bone, sometimes round

Fossa

A shallow, broad, or elongated basin

Fovea

A small pit

Epicondyle

An expanded region superior to a condyle

What are the sections of the spine and how many vertebrae do they each contain?

Cervical vertebrae - 7 vertebrae

Thoracic vertebrae - 12 vertebrae

Lumbar vertebrae - 5 vertebrae

Sacrum - 5 vertebrae fused into 1 bone

Coccyx - 4 or 5 tiny vertebrae fused into 1 bone

Do vertebral foramen get smaller or larger as you move down the spine? Does the vertebral body of vertebrae get larger or small as you move down the spine?

The vertebral foramen of vertebrae get smaller as you move down the spine because nerves of the spinal cord branch out, requiring less space later on

The vertebral body of vertebrae gets larger as you move down the spine because the vertebrae need to support more weight

What sections of vertebrae do not contain transverse foramina?

The thoracic vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae do not contain transverse foramina

Thoracic and lumbar vertebrae only contain vertebral foramina that house the spinal cord

What is the axial skeleton? What is the appendicular skeleton?

The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and the thoracic cage

The appendicular skeleton is made up of the bones of the upper and lower limbs along with their associated girdles

Axial skeleton - 80 bones

Appendicular skeleton - 126 bones

How many bones are in each section of the hand?

Carpals - 8 wrist bones

Metacarpals - 5 palm bones

Phalanges of the hand - 14 finger bones

What structures is the thoracic cage comprised of?

Sternum - manubrium, body (of sternum), and xiphoid process

Ribs (contains true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs)

• true ribs (pairs 1-7)

• false ribs (pairs 8-12)

• floating ribs (pairs 11 and 12)

Costal cartilage

Floating ribs make zero contact with costal cartilage

Where do false ribs get their name? Where do floating ribs get their name?

False ribs get their name from not having their own costal cartilage connecting them to the sternum

Floating ribs get their name from not having ANY contact with costal cartilage at all

What are the three sections of the os coxa?

Ilium - iliac crest, greater sciatic notch, acetabulum

Ischium - lesser sciatic notch, ischial tuberosity, obturator foramen, acetabulum

Pubis - obturator foramen, pubic symphysis, acetabulum