musculoskeletal system

articulation

place of union between 2+ bones; joint

hematopoiesis

production and development of blood cells normally in the bone marrow

ligaments

connective tissue that surrounds joint capsule to bind bones to other bones

tendons

connective tissue that binds muscle to bone on either side of a bone

fibers

contractile cells

skeletal muscle

striated, for voluntary movement

smooth muscle

for involuntary movement

cardiac muscle

for heart contraction needed to propel blood through vascular system

two divisions of skeleton

axial(skull ribcage, vertebral column) and appendicular (upper and lower limbs and their girdles, which attach the limbs to the axial skeleton

skeleton function

skeletal framework to support and protect body; stores calcium and minerals; produces cells within bone marrow

bone functions

framework to support and protect body, point of attachment with muscles, held at joint by ligaments (flexible bands of fibrous tissues), store calcium and minerals, produce blood cells

four types of bones

short, irregular, flat, long

diaphysis

shaft/long portion of bone

epiphysis

distal and proximal, two ends

cranium

cranio

femur

femoro

patella

patello

tibia

tibio

carpals

carpo

pelvis

pelvo/pelvi

maxilla

maxillo

scapula

scapulo

vertebra

vertebro

sternum

sterno

ribs

costo

radius

radio

fibula

fibulo

tarsals

tarso

phalanges

phalango

ribs

costal

heel bone/calcaneum

calcaneo

bone

osteo

fixation

desis

stiff/bent/crooked

ankylo

weakness/debility

asthenia

softening

malacia

bunion (hallux valgus)

deformity characterized by lateral deviation of the great toe, commonly caused by ill fitting shoes

tissues surrounding joint become red swollen and tender, corn or callus may develop where first and second toe overlap, limited big toe movement

bunionectomy

remove tissue and realign bones

ganglion cyst

fluid filled sac from joint capsules or tendons occurring in wrist, hand, or foot

May or may not be painful, bone spur (osteophyte) common in cysts at far joint of finger

May resolve spontaneously, corticosteroids, aspiration of fluid from ganglion, gangliectomy to remove

closed fracture

simple; break with no external skin wound

open

compound; break with external wound that leads to fracture site and a piece of bone protruding through skin

complicated fraction

broken bone injures an internal organ

comminuted

bone broken/splintered into pieces

impacted

end of broken bone wedged into anterior of another bone

incomplete

fracture line does not include whole bone

greenstick

Greenstick—break in which bone is partially bent and split, which occurs most commonly in children, especially in those who have rickets, or adults with soft bones

colles

break in lower end of radius, commonly occurs when wrist is extended to break a fall

signs of fracture

pain, swelling, bruising, dependent on cause (trauma, crushing, cancer, osteoporosis)

reduction

Realignment of broken bone ends; closed (through skin with casts etc.) or open (surgical, wires, plates, rods, screws, pins)

pharmaceutical/other treatment for fracture

analgesics or muscle relaxants to ease pain or no treatment (rib fracture)

herniated disk

Protrusion, or herniation, of the nucleus pulposus (gelatinous material at the center of the intervertebral disk) between two vertebrae; Also called prolapsed disk

•Signs and symptoms

•Depend on the particular site of herniation

•Severe back pain that worsens with motion

•Paresthesia and restricted mobility of the neck (with cervical disk herniation)

•Intensifying pain with coughing, sneezing, or bending

•Dull ache progressing to severe pain with lumbar sciatic involvement

treatment for herniated disk

•Bedrest and alternating application of heat and cold to the affected portion of the spine

•Muscle relaxants, salicylates, and analgesics

•Traction of lower extremities and a back brace

•Laminectomy possibly required if conservative treatment is unsuccessful

•Spinal fusion possibly necessary to stabilize the spine

paresthesia

numbness/tingling/burning feeling

sciatica

inflammation of major leg nerve that causes pain radiating down back and left leg

laminectomy

surgery to correct a herniated disk. The surgeon excises the vertebral posterior arch

traction

treatment for herniated disk; the use of weights and pulleys to immobilize the site and facilitate healing

rheumatoid arthritis

•Chronic, progressive, systemic inflammatory disease

•Affects the synovial membranes of joints

•Possibly cartilage destruction, bone erosion,  and joint deformity

•Congestion and edema of the synovial membrane and joint

•Fibrous immobility of joints, or ankylosis, resulting in visible deformities and total immobility as the disease progresses

•Most common in women between ages 23 and 35 but may affect people in any age group

•Atrophy of muscles, bones, and skin adjacent to the affected joint

rheumatoid arthritis treatment

•Primary objective to reduce inflammation and pain, preserve joint function, and prevent joint deformity

•NSAIDs, physical therapy, and orthopedic measures for less severe cases

•Surgery to reduce pain and improve mobility

osteomyelitis

•Acute or chronic infection of the bone-forming tissue

•Disease progression (see illustration)

•Beginning infection (A)

•Blocked blood flow in the area of infection (B)

•Death of bone at infection site (C), with continued pus formation

acute vs chronic osteomyelitis

Acute

•Fever

•Local signs of inflammation (such as tenderness, redness, heat, pain, and swelling)

Chronic

•Ulceration

•Drainage

Localized pain

osteomyelitis treatment

•Goal of eliminating infection

•Long-term antibiotic therapy

•Surgical drainage to remove pus and necrotic bone tissue

•Tissue and bone grafts if necessary to restore blood flow to the site

gout

•Systemic connective tissue disorder

•Chronic disorder of uric acid metabolism

•More common in middle-aged and older men

•One or more severely inflamed joints as a result of buildup of uric acid crystals

•Swollen joint that is hot and usually painful to the touch

•Typically occurring in small joints

•Commonly occurring in the joint of the great toe

gout treatment

•Drug therapy (first-line treatment)

•NSAIDs to reduce inflammatory response to urate crystals

•Medications taken until joint inflammation subsides

•Applications of heat or cold with analgesics

•Control of uric acid formation with low-purine diet

joint

arthr

muscular dystrophy

group of hereditary diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of muscles, leading to increased weakness and debilitation, including Duchenne dystrophy (most common form)

necrosis

localized tissue death that occurs in groups of cells in response to disease or injury

spondylolisthesis

forward slipping of one vertebra onto the one below it with predisposing factors that include spondylosis, degeneration, and birth defects in the spine, such as spina bifida

osteoporosis

abnormal bone-density loss with increased porosity, causing brittle bones and increased risk of fracture and occurring most commonly in postmenopausal women or sedentary or immobilized persons

talipes

deformity of the foot and ankle (usually congenital), in which the foot is twisted and relatively fixed in an abnormal position

total hip arthroplasty

•Replacement of the femoral head and acetabulum with prostheses that are fastened to the bone

amputation

Partial or complete removal of an extremity as a result of trauma or circulatory disease

arthrocentesis

•Puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid

laminectomy

•Excision of the posterior arch of a vertebra

arthroscopy

•Visual examination of the interior of a joint

•Insertion of an endoscope through a small incision

•Allows repair and removal of joint tissue

myelography

•Radiography of the spinal cord after injection of a contrast medium

•Used to identify and study spinal distortions caused by tumors, cysts, herniated intervertebral disks, or other lesions

rheumatoid factor

•Blood test used to detect the presence of rheumatoid factor, an antibody present in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

neck

cervico

face

facio

NSAID

nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug

bone reabsorption inhibitor

for osteoporosis, inhibits breakdown

salicylate

treats arthritis, anti-inflammatory

muscle relaxant

treats muscle spasms

ligaments

Connective tissue that surrounds the joint capsule to bind bones to other bones

tendons

Connective tissue that binds muscle to bone on either side of a joint

adduction/abduction

closer to/away from midline

flexion/extension

decreases/increases angle of joint

rotation

moves a bone around its own axis

pronation/supination

turns palm downward/upward

inversion/eversion

moves sole of foot inward/outward

dorsiflexion

elevates/lowers the foot

short bone examples

wrist (carpals) and ankles (tarsals)

flat bone examples

bones of the skull, shoulder blades, and sternum

irregular bone examples

vertebrae and middle ear

medullary cavity

in diaphysis of long bone, surrounded by compact bone, contains yellow bone marrow with blood vessels and fatty tissue

layers of epiphyses

articular cartilage, which is a thin outer layer of cartilage where bones meet to form joints, and the (6) epiphyseal line (growth plate), an area of cartilage constantly being replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows and that is responsible for lengthening bones during childhood and adolescence and calcifies and disappears when the bone has achieved its full growth

• thick, dense layer of hard (7) compact bone

• inner layer of porous tissue called (8) spongy or cancellous bone that is less dense than compact bone and is filled with red bone marrow, so named because it is composed mainly of blood cells in various stages of development

periosteum

dense, white, fibrous membrane, covers the remaining surface of the bone. It contains numerous blood and lymph vessels and nerves. In growing bones, the inner layer contains the bone-forming cells known as osteoblasts. point of attachment

trochanter

nonarticulating; Very large, irregularly shaped process found only on the femur

tubercule

muscle/ligament attachment; small, rounded process, femur

tuberosity

muscle/ligament attachment, large, rounded process; humerus

condyle

articulating; forms joint; rounded articulating knob, humerus