GEO 222 Exam 1 UKY Phillips

5 themes of geography

Region: physical features; human features

Movement: how and why do people travel; how do people exchange goods and ideas

Location: where is it; where did it happen

Place: what is it like; what are the physical and human features

Interaction: how do people adapt to their environment; how do people change their environment

Largest city in world

Tokyo, Japan

Megacity

Population larger than 10 million

Metacity

Population larger than 20 million

Conurbation

An extended urban area, typically consisting of several town merging with the suburbs of one or more cities

Trends for urbanization for the foreseeable future

Will be in cities; will be in lesser developed countries; African cities (size and number) growing the fastest

Ancient areas of urban development (Rome, China, Iraq, Egypt, etc.)

Ancient areas of urban development (Rome, China, Iraq, Egypt, etc.)

Mercantilism - pre-industrial rationale for cities

Mercantilism restrained individual merchants in favor of society as a whole

Push-back against societal rules; economic expansion morphed into capitalism

Capitalism fueled Industrial Revolution

Colonial cities crushed & existed alongside indigenous cities

Global city locations through time - along coastlines, up rivers, along trade routes, along RR lines

All used for cheap, convenient transportation

Urban agglomerations

A mass of people in an urban city; countries with most urban agglomerations: China, US, India, UK, Russia

Agglomeration

the idea behind the shopping mall. Synergy that happens when there are mutual economic benefits with colocation.

Economies of scale

the idea that one big well is better and more efficient than 75 little ones. This is why cities work

Post-industrial cities

Core nations: most robust economy. More technologically advanced (importers, consumers, post-industrial). "Think up" manufacturing process. Developed, economic power

Walkable cities

how the distance we would walk shaped the earlier cities; cities tend to be molded around how far people would walk

Tenement Laws

the New York State Tenement House Act of 1901 was one of the first such laws to ban the construction of dark, poorly ventilated tenement buildings in the state of New York

Railroad flats

Walk-up structure, 5-7 stories high, 25' wide by 75' long on a 25' x 100' lot

Structures built side by side.

One common staircase; 4 apartments per floor. Each had

One window for light and air

Small rear yard had outhouses

POOR PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION

Agglomeration economies

the idea that one big well is better and more efficient than 75 little ones

Law of the Indies

the entire body of laws issued by the Spanish Crown for the American and Philippine possessions of its empire. They regulated social, political and economic life in these areas (especially town planning)

Zoning, restrictive covenants - why, who, how

Used to enforce segregation that was illegal; legally binding agreement between a neighborhood developer and the buyer; may decide that you have to build with brick, house has to be a certain size, can't have barnyard animals; "you cannot sell to a person of so and so ethnicity" Fair housing act helped with this: can't not sell to someone bc of their sex, gender, race, etc.

Houston and prairies

Even after it became a widely accepted scientific fact that wetlands can soak up large amounts of flood water, the city continued to pave over them

Urban density and distance from CBD

Not many in direct center; as you get less than 5 miles out, it gets very dense; from 5 miles out to the edge, it gets less dense

Squatter settlements

self-constructed slums; they grow very rapidly; services and housing can't keep up; lack sanitation; don't have clean and safe drinking water

Christaller

Central place theory: seeks to explain the number, size and location of human settlements in an urban system. The theory was created by the German geographer Walter Christaller, who asserted that settlements simply functioned as 'central places' providing services to surrounding areas.

Hexagons

Bid rent curve

Most expensive real estate = tallest building in town!

Monocentric: san Francisco (one big center)

Polycentric: Houston (more than one large center)

Threshold

minimum amount of sales required to offer a good

too low, it's just not worth it

That "tipping point" is threshold

Range

Distance that people will drive to obtain a product or service

Can be geographic

Segregation

external forces made sure the ethnic neighborhoods stayed separate

Congregation

people of similar ethnicities and heritages wanted to live in the same neighborhoods

Redlining; who, what, where, and why?

They want to give loans to certain areas (wouldn't give people loans who needed it for a 'high risk' area)

Transportation influences internal urban form, as well as distribution of cities across the landscape

Ancient Mexico City

Merchant guilds - why, where, how

Break in bulk

transshipment; when you have to unpack and unload a good to move it to a different form of transportation; why Louisville is where it is (break in bulk point); Charlotte is a break in bulk point

Location of industrialized cities in USA and proximity to energy sources and cheap transportation

mostly around large bodies of water

Primate cities

Largest city in the country, but it is not the capital (aka NYC)

Infrastructure

The basic physical and organizational structures of a city

Primacy of cities for specialty crafts - why, where, how

Centric Zone theory

Burgess; 1844; circular pattern divided into 5 zones:

1) central business district

2) zone of transition; stagnation and social deterioration

3) the zone of factory worker's homes

4) the zone of better residential units

5) the commuter zone; extending beyond the city limits and consisting of suburbs and satellite communities

Sector theory

Hoyt; 1930s; general patters of housing values applied to all cities and that those patterns tended to appear as sectors and not rings; highways determined the pattern; new residential areas did not encircle the city at its outer limits, but extended farther and farther outward along select transportation axes, giving the land-use map the pie appearance; filtering: as inner, middle class areas are abandoned, lower-income groups filter into them; city grows over time in the direction of the expanding high-rent residential sector

Multiple Nuclei

Harris and Ullman; cities tend to grow around several distinct nodes, thus forming a polynuclear (many centered) pattern which is explained by four factors:

1) certain activities are limited to particular sites bc they have highly specialized needs (shopping center in a central location)

2) related activities or economic functions tend to cluster in the same district because their activities are more efficient as a cohesive unit

3) some related activities, by their nature, repel each other (high class residential will not be by a manufacturing district)

4) certain activities, unable to generate enough income to pay the high rents of certain sites, may be relegated to more inaccessible locations

Sectors of the economy - primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary - what, why, where

Primary: extractive (mining, fishing, farming)

Secondary: (value-added through processing, manufacturing raw material into finished good

Tertiary: services (teaching, accounting, medicine, law, etc.)

Quaternary: knowledge based (research)

Inter - and intra - what does this mean? How does it relate to urban areas?

Inter: studying relationships AMONG a group of cities at national, regional, global level

Intra: internal locational arrangements of humans, activities and institutions WITHIN metropolitan areas

Role of immigration in city form, regulation

"Shrinking" cities - why and where?

Detroit; Cleveland; cities of eastern Germany; population is moving to where economy activity is, where the jobs are; getting smaller so they don't have to provide services to parts that aren't as populated

Geographic center of population - why is this important in siting Amazon shipping center? UPS? FedEx?

Can reach both sides of the US; central location to ship most anywhere

Role of Houston in US economy (think: Spindletop)

Houston economy is made of oil; not located near spindle top; Houston was located where is it because of the bay and the shipping channel was made to allow big cargo ships to make it in and out of the gulf; allowed Houston's economy to grow

Role of Houston shipping channel to development of Houston's economy

Houston economy is made of oil; not located near spindle top; Houston was located where is it because of the bay and the shipping channel was made to allow big cargo ships to make it in and out of the gulf; allowed Houston's economy to grow

Growth machine

Wealthy land owners; home builders; car salesman; realtors; large land owners; all contractors that profit from new development

Always behind the scenes encouraging new development

Houston having no zoning: bc growth machine prevented it; strong personal property rights; 'government won't tell me what I can do with my land'

Lex growth machine example: Hamburg from liberty road; bridge past elementary school; bridge is expensive; school district wanted a school there; had him build the bridge and then school district bought the land from him and he made a ton of money just from that small bridge (how development works)

Relationship between sprawl (horizontal land use change) driving and ozone pollution

More cars = more exhaust emissions = traffic jams cause ozone pollution = ground level smog

Restrictive covenants: what are they and why do they matter

Used to enforce segregation that was illegal; legally binding agreement between a neighborhood developer and the buyer; may decide that you have to build with brick, house has to be a certain size, can't have barnyard animals; "you cannot sell to a person of so and so ethnicity"

Invasion-succession-gentrification

Gentrification: new people in a neighborhood, making it either more or less diverse (wealthy person moving to poor neighborhood to develop it and forces poor people out of what was once a poor neighborhood). Good bc it develops a neighborhood, but also forces people out. Usually involves race. Good for the city, not the displaced people

Homeowners' loan corporation/federal housing administration

They want to give loans to certain areas (wouldn't give people loans who needed it for a 'high risk' area) RED LINING

No private investment which let those high-risk areas deteriorate

Block-busting - role of realtors in promoting segregation

Very similar to red lining

A realtor would take a family to see neighborhoods and they would steer people to more expensive houses than what the realtor though the family could pay

Rumor mill spread for people of color moving to certain places

Industrialization - where, why, how?

Establishment of sectors within cities; ethnic neighborhoods

Segregation: external forces made sure the ethnic neighborhoods stayed separate

Congregation: people of similar ethnicities and heritages wanted to live in the same neighborhoods

Decentralization: what does this mean? Why does this happen?

De-peopling; depopulating of the central city

Happened in the formally industrial cities in the US

White flight; school integration; crime rates went up; people moved into communities and subdivisions; highways; disinvestment in the interior of the city; only people left are the people that can't afford it

Differences between history of central America and the Caribbean

Colonization; central America is Spanish; the Caribbean is more of every European power

Spanish colonial cities - how were they similar?

Set up like a cross, how the centers were formed; how they are laid out structurally; law of the indies; there is a figure on the central and south American slides

Creolization

The conjoining of the different cultures; mixing of people from different ideologies; there are natives, slaves from Africa, white people who colonized, Spanish people from central America

Role of plantations in Caribbean

Single commodity; expansive; slaves

Role of tourism in Caribbean

More contemporary than plantations; does not benefit the locals

Neo-colonial relationships with former colonizers

How former colonies interact with their colonizers in the modern world

Hurricane victims ask for help from country that colonized them

Still have economic relationship with colonizing nation

Impact of trans-Atlantic slave trade on peopling Caribbean

Creolization for people in the Caribbean

Financial services in Caribbean - what makes them good? Lucrative?

No taxes; offshore banking!!!!!!; Cayman Islands; also in the Bahamas but mostly Caymans

Cancun/Cozumel - story of success in Mayan Riviera

Tourism; hotels; Mexican government built 6 hotels which was risky but it paid off bc now there are hundreds of hotels that has transformed the local economy