CHEM 140 Study Guide: Chemical Reactions, Quantum Mechanics, and Nomenclature

Vocabulary flashcards covering topics from CHEM 140, including Lewis structures, quantum numbers, electron configurations, stoichiometry, and chemical nomenclature.

Valence Electrons in $NOF_3$

The molecule has a total of $32$ valence electrons ($5$ from nitrogen, $6$ from oxygen, and $7 \times 3 = 21$ from three fluorine atoms).

Lewis Dot Structure of a Cesium Atom

The elemental symbol $\text{Cs}$ accompanied by a single valence electron dot ($\text{Cs}\boldsymbol{·}$), reflecting its Group $1$ valence shell configuration.

Lithium Phosphide

An ionic compound with the chemical formula $Li_3P$, formed by three lithium cations ($Li^+$) and one phosphide anion ($P^{3-}$).

Wavelength and Frequency Relationship

An inverse relationship in electromagnetic radiation; as wavelength increases, frequency decreases according to $c = \nu\text{λ}$.

Frequency and Photon Energy Relationship

A direct relationship in electromagnetic radiation; as frequency increases, the energy of an associated photon increases according to $E = h\nu$.

Quantum Numbers of a $4d$ Subshell Electron

An electron occupying a $4d$ subshell has a principal quantum number of $n = 4$ and an angular quantum number of $l = 2$.

Electron Configuration of a Calcium Ion ($Ca^{2+}$)

$1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6$ (or $[Ar]$), formed by losing the two outermost valence electrons from the neutral calcium atom.

Electron Configuration of an Iodide Ion ($I^-$)

$[Kr]\text{ }4d^{10} 5s^2 5p^6$ (or $[Xe]$), formed when a neutral iodine atom gains one electron to achieve a complete octet.

Tellurium Valence Electrons

A neutral tellurium atom ($\text{Te}$) possesses $6$ valence electrons because it is located in Group $16$ of the periodic table.

Nonexistent Electron Subshell ($2d$)

An electron subshell designation that cannot physically exist because for principal quantum level $n = 2$, the maximum possible angular quantum number is $l = 1$ ($s$ and $p$ subshells only).

Maximum Electron Capacity of the Second Shell

A maximum of $8$ electrons can occupy the second shell ($n = 2$), determined by $2n^2 = 2(2)^2 = 8$ ($2$ in the $2s$ subshell and $6$ in the $2p$ subshell).

Angular Quantum Number of a $6s$ Subshell

$l = 0$, which defines an $s$ orbital regardless of the principal quantum level.

Principal Quantum Number of a $3p$ Subshell

$n = 3$, designating the third principal electron shell.

Noble Gas Outer Sublevel

The $p$ sublevel, in which the noble gases (with the exception of helium) fill their final valence electrons ($np^6$).

Alkaline Earth Metal Ground-State Unpaired Electrons

Alkaline earth metals have zero unpaired electrons in their orbital diagrams due to their fully paired, filled valence $ns^2$ sublevel.

Noble Gas Core Notation for Cesium

$[Xe]\text{ }6s^1$, denoting a complete xenon noble gas core plus a single valence electron in the $6s$ subshell.

Electron Configuration of $Tl^{3+}$ (Element $81$)

$[Xe]\text{ }4f^{14} 5d^{10}$, obtained when a neutral thallium atom ($[Xe]\text{ }4f^{14} 5d^{10} 6s^2 6p^1$) loses its three valence electrons ($6s^2 6p^1$).

Balanced Combustion of Phenol ($C_6H_6O$)

The balanced chemical reaction is $C_6H_6O\text{ }_{(l)} + 7O_{2\text{ }(g)} \rightarrow 6CO_{2\text{ }(g)} + 3H_2O_{(g)}$, having stoichiometric coefficients of $1$, $7$, $6$, and $3$.

Charge of an Ion Formula

\text{Charge of an ion} = \text{#protons} - \text{#electrons}.

Zinc Bromide

An ionic compound with the chemical formula $ZnBr_2$, formed from zinc cations ($Zn^{2+}$) and bromide anions ($Br^-$).

Calcium Phosphate

The systematic chemical name for the ionic compound $Ca_3(PO_4)_2$.

Lead(IV) Carbonate

An ionic compound with the formula $Pb(CO_3)_2$, containing the cation $Pb^{4+}$ and the anion $CO_3^{2-}$.

Cobalt(IV) Chloride

A compound with the formula $CoCl_4$, containing the cation $Co^{4+}$ and chloride anions ($Cl^-$).

Triselenium Heptasulfide

A binary molecular compound with the chemical formula $Se_3S_7$.

Krypton Pentabromide

A molecular compound with the chemical formula $KrBr_5$.

Hydroiodic Acid

A binary halogen acid with the chemical formula $HI$.

Chlorous Acid

An oxoacid of chlorine with the chemical formula $HClO_2$.