EAB 3002 FINAL EXAM REVIEW

an S-Delta sets the occasion upon which a response is _______ reinforced:

never

A change in maximal generalization responding, away from S-delta to the other side of SD, is called:

peak shift

If reinforcers on one schedule are depleted and responding in another schedule increases, we call this:

positive contrast

the authors suggest that the simplest way to train discrimination involves:

reinforcement of an operant in one situation but withhold reinforcement for the operant in other settings

Guttman and Kalish (1956) reinforced pigeons for pecking a particular color of light and then recorded their rate of pecking across the spectrum and found that:

the more the new stimulus differed from the one used in training the lower the response rate

delay discounting involves decisions between ______ and _________ rewards

smaller-sooner; larger-later

the equation for matching of ratios of rates of response to rate of reinforcement

includes a value for bias

In terms of behavior, choice is concerned with:

the distribution of behavior among alternative sources of reinforcement

from a behavioral analysis standpoint, a drug addiction is the product

operant choice

a _____ ______ is said to alter the probability of an operant, in the sense that the response is more (or less) likely to occur when the stimulus present

controlling stimulus

_____ ______ refers to the change in behavior that occurs when either an SD or an S-delta is presented

stimulus control

an _____ is a controlling stimulus that sets the occasion for reinforcement of an operant

SD

another kind of controlling stimulus is called an S _____ or an extinction stimulus

delta

_____ ______ occurs when the rate of response in an unchanged setting increases in an unchanged setting increases with a decline in behavior in another situation

positive contrast

_____ ______ occurs when the rate of response decreases in the unchanged component with increases in behavior in the other

negative contrast

_____ involves transferring stimulus control from one value of a stimulus to another

fading

the first prerequisite of the choice paradigm is that _____ ______ must be used to study the distribution of behavior

interval schedules

_____ involves a history of selection between good versus better, or sooner versus later, but rarely between exact equal alternatives. The simple option to "choose" suggests an opportunity to improve your situation, and is usually preferable

choice

this equality or matching between relative rate of reinforcement and relative rate of response is known as the _____ ______

matching law

_____ ______ occurs when behavior is strengthened by events that have an effect because of a conditioning reinforcement

conditioned reinforcement

a _____ ______ _____ ______ involves two or more simple schedules (CRF, FI, VI, FR, or VR) each of which is presented sequentially and is signaled by an arbitrary stimulus

chain schedules of reinforcement

operant chains are classified as _____ ______ when the topography or form of response is similar in each component

homogenous chain

the alternative way of teaching the child to use a technique called _____ ______. The idea is to begin training at the end of the sequence

backward chaining

on a chain schedule, the longer the delay between a SD and an unconditioned reinforcement, the less effective is is a _____ ______

conditioned reinforcer

_____ ______ does not depend on deprivation or satiation for any specific reinforcer

generalized reinforcement

approval, attention, affection and praise function as _____ ______ _____ human behavior

generalized social reinforcement

a _____ ______ is a set of contingencies or a system based on token (conditioned) reinforcement

token economy

_____ ______ involve stimuli that have more than one function (multiple functions). The discriminative stimulus sets the occasion for a response that can sometimes be reinforced, and chain schedules shows that the SD may also functions as a conditioned reinforce

chain schedules

_____ ______ have three distinct components involving the token production schedule, the exchange production schedule, and the token-exchange schedule

token schedules

the number of tokens needed in order to "purchase" a reinforcer in a token economy is part of the:

exchange-production schedule

a ______ is the same as a multiple schedule but without the SD

mixed schedule of reinforcement

Systems of token reinforcement in humans have been used to improve the behavior of:

psych patients, juvenile delinquents, and normal children

a ______ involves 2+ schedules of reinforcement in which completion of the requirements of one schedule is reinforced according to the requirements of the other schedule

second order schedule

researchers have found evidence that ______ is critical for conditioned reinforcement but not conditioned reinforcement in primates

amygdala

the effectiveness of ______ depends on the frequency of unconditioned reinforcement correlated with it

conditioned reinforcer

the behavior analysis of booking a flight with DELTA or AA illustrates

both how behavior is distributed on concurrent chain schedules of reinforcement AND the role of delay reduction in choice situations

a golf instructor who teaches golf by beginning with the tee shot when working down to the short putt is using

forward chaining

token economies are most effective at producing behavior that maintains after the end of the day treatment program when they:

are slowly and systematically faded

a chain schedule that requires a bird to first peck an illuminated key and then pull a chain in order to receive reinforcement would be called a ______ chain

heterogeneous

innate or ______ ______ is real, is based on evolution and natural selection rather than experiences and contingencies during the lifetime of an organism

spontaneous imitation

______ ____ ______ involves doing what others do (imitating) in which the performance of an observer or learner is regulated by the actions of a model

learning by observation

although modeling can produce a variety of effect (social facilitation, stimulus enhancement) requires the learner to produce novel response that could only occur through observation and emit

imitation

the procedures of ______ ______ begin with simple reinforcement of correspondence or matching between the modeled performance and the imitative operant

generalized imitation

the term ____ ____ ____ when the listener or reader performance is regulated by contingency-specifying stimuli

rule governed behavior

when performance is attributed to direct exposure to reinforcement contingencies, behavior is said to be

contingency-shaped

Milgram's study of ____ ____ ____ illustrates the impact of orders and commands on human behavior

obedience to authority

after viewing a model hitting, jumping on, and verbally insulting bobo, male and female showed ____ aggressive reponse

imitative

roles can act as ____ ____ ____ altering function of other stimuli, thereby the strength of relations among stimuli and behavior

function altering events

____ ____ seems to integrate imitation with rule-following behavior to produce behavior that is transmitted from one person to another and from one generation to the next

observational learning

Rule following is ________ regulated by __________ of reinforcement.

behavior;contingencies

though research on spontaneous imitation with cats in puzzle boxes, thorndike concluded

cats and dogs can't learn through observation

in regards to self-generated rule compliance, Bandura believes

self-efficacy influences performance and achievement in life

Both humans and pigeons seem to engage in spontaneous imitation. The appearance of similar behavior:

does not show identical functions behavior, that humans and pigeons share much in common, or that structure and function go together

the theoretical value of Baer's work, as illustrated by the case of Marilla, supports idea that

complex human behavior may arise from simple behavior principles operating in combination

according to Baer and Sherman, generalized imitation is maintained by

correspondence between what is observed and what is performed

recent research on generalized imitation using infants less than 2 years old has found that

even after extensive training, less than 2 years of age does not exhibit generalized imitation

behavior analyst would say that spontaneous imitation

is based on evolution and natural selection

Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment worked because it included

generalized imitation, description of contingencies, and rule governed behavior

In contrast to the term language, _______ ________deals with the performance of a speaker and the environmental conditions that establish and maintain such performance

verbal behavior

Everyday examples of _______ include asking someone for a glass of water when you are thirsty, or requesting directions from a stranger when you are lost.

manding

_______ is defined as a class of verbal operants whose form is regulated by nonverbal discriminative stimuli (nonverbal SD), which is shaped and maintained by generalized conditioned reinforcement from the verbal community.

tacting

_____ ______ is a class of verbal operants regulated by verbal discriminative stimuli

intraverbal behavior

_____ _____ requires that the verbal stimulus and the product of the response be in the same mode and have exact physical resemblance

formal similarity

an ____ is a class of verbal operants regulated by a verbal stimulus in which there is a correspondence and formal similarity between the stimulus and the response

echoic reponses

the ________ is a form of verbal behavior that modifies the consequences produced by other verbal responses. It is verbal behavior used in conjunction with, and controlled by mands, tacts, and intraverbals

autoclitic

to train ________, the most direct procedure is to manipulate an EO and reinforce the verbal response with the specified consquence

manding

when a stimulus class A is interchangable with class B, the organism shows ________ between stimulus classes

symmetry

in ________ ________, the researcher presents a sample stimulus and two options. The organism is reinforced for choosing the triangle options that corresponds with the triangle sample

identity matching

In the jack and jill experiment, pecking the correct key after looking behind the curtain is analogous to skinner's concept of the

tact

In echoic behavior, when ________ by the child correspond to those of the adult, the ________ patterns also overlap.

articulations; acoustical

intraverbal behavior is best defined as

a class of verbal operants regulated by verbal discriminative stimuli

If a picture of a dog, the spoken word "dog," and the written word DOG all regulate the same behavior, we say that the stimulus classes are:

equivalent

When a verbal response depends on a verbal discriminative stimulus, the verbal relations are:

intraverbal

studies that find the emergence of equivalent stimulus functions without the use of reinforcement argue

that the degree of stimulus-stimulus correlation determines the emergence of stimulus relations, not reinforcement

according to Skinner, ________ refers to getting what you want from others and ________ refers to making reference to things happening in the world

mand;tact

"i have butterflies in my stomach" can be analyzed as

generealized tacting

Lamarre & Holland (1985) demonstrated the _______ _______ of manding and tacting children 3-5

functional independence

saying "this is a fat cat" to the spoken stimulus is

echoic response

Level 1 of the ABC school program for autistic children involves:

discrete trials of stimulus, response, and reinforcement

with regards to both drug treatment and education reform, the major obstacle BA's face is

cultural practices and beliefs

Fred Keller wrote a seminal article on college teaching called

farewell to college education

ABA is a field that focuses on the application of _______, methods, and procedures of the science of behavior

principles

which of the following in not a component of course built around Keller PSI

graphing and revising program based on data

behavioral interventions are directed at

changing environment events to improve behavior

what is behavior trapping

new behavior is trapped by the natural contingencies

which principle captures the idea that if slow learning is observed, the program needs to be changed

learner knows best

if researcher is measuring continous behavior, they should use

duration recording

in drug treatment, contingency management involves

use of vouchers contingent on abstinence

following a baseline period of assessment, a _______ _______ of action may be negotiated with therapist and client

behavioral plan

most behavior change programs attempt to identify and alter significant variable that maintain _______ _______

target responses

once a suitable response has been defined the next step is to _______ the behavior when it occurs

record

_______ _______ _______ are neutral with respect to the form and frequency of behavior

principles of conditioning

_______ _______ _______ involves two major areas of research which entail the application of operant and respondent principles to improve human behavior

ABA

Interventions for these and other problems are directed at changing _______ events to improve behavior

environmental

ABA who teach their clients skills that are reinforced by members of the social community are _______ for behavior maintenance

programming

a similar logic is used when intervention is progressively introduced to different _______ who exhibit similar target behavior

participants

basically, PSI courses are _______ such that students move through the course at their pace

organized

in ABA self control techniques may be taught to clients who are then better able to _______ their behavior

manage

_______ _______ _______ is described by the principle of reinforcement- the selection of operant behavior by the effect that it produces

selection by consequences

natural selection involves _______ _______ _______; the habitat inadvertently sets the requirements for survival

contingencies of survival