Zoology and Animal Diversity Lecture Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering anatomical terminology, classification, and physiological structures from the animal diversity lecture notes.

Gemmule

Internal bud of a freshwater sponge that survives harsh conditions and regrows a sponge.

Ostia

Small pores in a sponge’s body wall where water enters.

Osculum

Large opening at the top of a sponge where water exits.

Polymorphism

Two or more body forms in one species (such as cnidarian polyp and medusa).

Nematocyst

Stinging capsule in a cnidocyte, used for defense and capturing prey.

Ectoderm

Outer germ layer that gives rise to the skin and nervous system.

Mesoderm

Middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, and circulatory organs.

Endoderm

Inner germ layer that forms the lining of the digestive tract.

Parapodia

Paired, fleshy appendages on polychaete worms, used for movement and gas exchange.

Parthenogenesis

Development of an egg without fertilization.

Exoskeleton

Hard external covering that protects and supports the body, found in arthropods.

Water vascular system

Network of water-filled canals and tube feet used for movement, feeding, and gas exchange in echinoderms.

Echinoderm

Marine animal with spiny skin, radial symmetry as adults, and a water vascular system (such as sea stars and sand dollars).

Pedipalps

Second pair of arachnid appendages, used for sensing, handling prey, and mating.

Hydrostatic skeleton

Fluid-filled body cavity that muscles push against for support and movement.

Pseudocoelomate

Animal with a body cavity only partly lined by mesoderm (such as roundworms).

Chelicera

First pair of arachnid appendages, used as fangs or pincers to feed.

Oviparous

An organism that lays eggs that hatch outside the mother.

Viviparous

An organism whose embryo develops inside the mother and is nourished by her, resulting in live birth.

Ovoviviparous

An organism whose eggs develop and hatch inside the mother with no placenta, giving birth to live young.

Craniates

Chordates with a skull (head and brain case).

Amniotes

Vertebrates whose embryos have an amnion (reptiles, birds, mammals).

Monotreme

Egg-laying mammal (such as the platypus and echidna).

Marsupial

Mammal whose young finish development in a pouch (such as the kangaroo and opossum).

Cloaca

Single opening for the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

Vomerine teeth

Small teeth located on the roof of the mouth, found in frogs.

Nictitating membrane

Transparent third eyelid that protects and moistens the eye.

Open circulatory system

Circulatory system where blood leaves vessels and bathes the tissues directly in sinuses.

Closed circulatory system

Circulatory system where blood stays inside vessels the entire time.

Choanocytes

Collar cells in sponges that beat flagella to pull water through the ostia, filter out food particles, and digest them.

Spicules

Skeletal elements found only in sponges (Porifera), composed of calcium carbonate or silica.

Tapeworm

A parasitic flatworm belonging to the phylum Platyhelminthes and class Cestoda.

Vinegar eel

A nematode (Turbatrix aceti) that thrashes side to side in a whip-like, S-shaped motion due to possessing only longitudinal muscles.

Tunicates

Sea squirts; chordates that possess a notochord during the larval stage but lose it as adults.

Indian money

Fossilized stem pieces of a crinoid (an echinoderm known as a "sea lily").

Ratites

Flightless birds with a flat breastbone, such as the ostrich, emu, and kiwi.

Carinates

Flying birds with a keeled breastbone for the attachment of flight muscles, such as the pigeon.

Placoid scales

External scales covering the body of a shark.

Ctenoid scales

External scales covering the body of a perch.