REASONING

These flashcards cover key concepts related to reasoning, particularly induction and deduction, as discussed in the lecture notes.

Deductive Reasoning

A reasoning method that derives conclusions from axioms or theories, evaluating the validity of conclusions for a right answer.

Inductive Reasoning

A reasoning approach that establishes axioms or theories from observations and evidence, evaluating the truth of conclusions.

Modus Ponens

A valid rule of inference affirming the antecedent (if P, then Q).

Modus Tollens

A valid rule of inference denying the consequent (if ¬Q, then ¬P).

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions.

Wason Selection Task

An experiment designed to test conditional reasoning involving card selection to verify a given conditional statement.

Normative Reasoning

A reasoning approach based on standards or norms, contrasted with descriptive reasoning.

Axiom

A statement or proposition that is regarded as being established, accepted, or self-evidently true.

Synthetic Reasoning

Reasoning based on the combination of different ideas or observations, often leading to new conclusions.

Social Contract Theory

A theory suggesting that the human mind has evolved specific mechanisms to solve biological and social problems.