Sport Event Management Exam 1- UIowa

What is sport event management?

A carefully crafted experience that features competition or physical activity and involves physical and/or metal prowess

Which of the following is not. component of events?

a. Organized

b. Have several, related functions

c. Consists of competing teams or individuals

d. Temporary and conclude

e. Gatherings of people

f. Display of ritual

c.

Sport events have:

Competition, physical/mental prowess, physical activity

Attend educational sessions, participate in discussions or meetings, attend other organized events

meetings

Display of products or promotional materials for public relations, sales B2C or B2C, marketing

exhibitions

Special celebration involving a community, concerts, performances, fine arts events, fundraisers

concerts/festivals

Like meetings, often include exhibits, attendees often part of an association

conventions

Four variables of events typology

Reach: how far are people willing to attend

Economic impact: how much money is being spent on or around the event, tax $ supporting it

Level of attendance and/or participation: high or low # of people attend the event

Level of media attention: people who cant come, large and small media coverage

What type of events occur at a local or community level with participants and organizers being local?

Minor sport events

How is the economic impact of minor sport events described in terms of spectator attendance?

Low economic impact: spectators typically able to attend the event for free or at a low fee

What is the typical attendance like at minor sport events?

Relatively low attendance: often family and friends, not traveling long distances to be there

How much media attention do minor sport events usually receive?

Low media attention: newspaper or website coverage, but not a feature story

- High economic impact, high attendance, high media attendance, national or international

major sport events

- Significant economic impact, sponsors, revenue for managers or event hosts, significant ticket sales, broadcasted for more revenue

- Significant attendance, put forth a lot of effort to be there, spend money, travel, hotels

- Significant media attention, companies pay to broadcast events, TV, internet, radio

- Can be one-off or recurring

large-scale sport events

- Major sporting event

- Recurring events, follow a pretty strict schedule, consistent schedule and date

- Tied to a place, Masters is at same place every year

- Significant history (ex: Indy 500 and Masters)

hallmark sport events

The Masters and The Rose Bowl are examples of:

hallmark sport events

The Olympics and The World Cup are examples of:

mega sport events

Economic impact through:

a. Tourism: before, during, and after event

b. Infrastructure improvements: roadways, railways, housing, additional stadiums (more jobs and revenue)

c. Economic Development

d. Global media coverage

- Political and taxpayer support: government support, winning the right to host an event

- Extensive Logistical Planning: taking years to plan; ex: Olympics and World Cup

mega sport events

Take place on regular basis

One sport tied to the event

Common Characteristics:

- A part of set schedule

- Known facility

- Familiar employees and participants

- Existing event template

recurring events

Occurs on a regular basis but in different locations

- Additional Planning

a. Often a bid process

b. Operations within rights holder's guidelines

c. Adapting previous editions to venue and location; ex: Harlem Globe Trotters

traveling events

The NCAA Final Four is an example of a:

traveling events

Supplement a core event

Take many forms

Goals

a. Generate additional revenue: sponsors bring in additional revenue,

b. Promote brand awareness

c. Enhanced spectator/participant experience

d. Economic Impact

ancillary events

A 5k or half marathon around a marathon is an example of:

ancillary events

Bring together participants from different types of sports

- Allow sports to intermingle and appreciate each other's sports

These require:

a. Extensive planning

b. Various venues

c. Necessary housing

d. Community support: community members must accept the event and be willing to volunteer

- Often more participants than spectators

multi-sport events

National championship festival: swimming and diving, track & field, wrestling, Iowa Games, and the Olympics are examples of:

multi-sport events

- Several cities

- Several venues within a city

- Several spaces in a venue

- Separate management team often oversees each venue

multiple location events

The UIowa fieldhouse, the World Cup, and the Olympics are examples of:

multiple location events

- 18 and under: rec, middle school, high school

- Approximately 45 million participants in 2015

youth sport events

- Bring together people with different backgrounds or expose people to another culture

a. Food

b. Desired or required housing

c. Religious affiliation restrictions

- Making Olympics appropriate and desirable for everyone

cross cultural events

Interfaith games organized by Muslim association in UK allows youth to interact with new people, this is an example of:

cross cultural events

Can be:

a. Traditional sports for people with physical disabilities

b. Competition created for disable participants

- Additional equipment often needed (wheelchairs for basketball, if they do not have their own specially designed chair)

- Additional staffing often needed (medics, medication distributer, volunteers)

sport events for people with disabilities

Paralympic games, Evictus games, department of defense has events for disabled veterans

these are examples of:

sport events for people with disabilities

Sports for older participants (50+)

Senior Olympic games in Iowa

Can create a larger economic impact compared to other events because older individuals typically have more disposable income

senior sport events

- Promote family togetherness and educational components over competition

- Competition that allows family to work together

- Larger sport events that include family activities or youth competitions

family sport events

Drake relays (elementary participants, pole vault in a mall), runs/walks, fishing tournaments are examples of:

family sport events

- Present emerging sports attractive to a new generation (skateboarding)

- Provide a valuable connection between sponsors and young customers (ESPN X-games, Monster, Go-Pro)

extreme sport events

youth event organized by community members

adult softball game for local charity

community sport events

increased level of youth participants

intramural, club collegiate sports

(Iowa mens club volleyball tournament)

amateur sport events

NFL, MLB, NHL, NBA events

- minor league and semipro

professional sport events

a 5k run is an event targeted to satisfy

participants

a Vikings football game is intended to satisfy

spectators

Sport Franchises (Ristoff, 2021)

i. Pro and Semipro sport events

ii. Primary activities

Athletic event organizers (Cook, 2020)

i. Provider of event management services

ii. Primary events (for corporations)

IBIS Industry Reports

Common for all sport events

i. per capita disposable income: expected to increase in the next 5 years

ii. time spent on leisure and sports: projected to hold steady

spectator events have external competitors

- households earning more than $100,000

participant sports have declining participation rates

- corporate profit/advertising expenditures

key external drivers

Common for all sport events

i.Revenue from additional sources: strengthen position and grow revenue over time

ii. High profile in the market

spectators sports: high quality growth

i. Create loyal customers

ii. Close monitoring of competition

participant sports: mature

i. adopt new tech (internet and social media)

ii. attract local support (volunteers)

key success factor

spectator sports are in the __________ stage

- technology provides fan experience for semipro and regional teams

- expanded viewing possibilities (international reach, advertising/ sponsorships in broadcasting

growth

participant sport events re in the ________ stage

- growth is heavily dependent on incomes and demographics

- consistent industry providers: there is not a big player in the industry, but many established providers

- revenue is growing at same pace as economy

- not large untapped groups to participate: demographics

maturity

The sports event industry is worth over ________ billion dollars

30

_________ makes up the majority of revenue for spectator sports

advertising

An experience involves personally affected by actions, observations, or participation; they elicit emotions and feelings

Sport event experience

a. Intangible and subjective

b. Inconsistent and unpredictable

c. Simultaneously produced and consumed

d. Perishable and must be pre-sold

e. Consumer and industrial product

f. Incomparable in emotional attachment and personal identification

g. Often enjoy a universal appeal

Unique characteristics

a. 15K fans

i. MLB, MLS, NASCAR, NBA, NFL, NHL, AND WNBA

ii. Casual, league fans, fanatics

b. Identified importance and satisfaction

c. Learn about behavior

i. In-venue

ii. Viewing broadcasts

iii. During off-season

Deloitte: The Stadium Experience Overview

a. Core four

i. View from seat = expectations

ii. Clean, comfortable, safe facilities

iii. Exciting atmosphere

iv. The quality of competition is compelling

Basics

c. Food and beverage

i. Basic concessions available

ii. Concessions provide fair value

d. Movement and flow

i. Easy to navigate

ii. The facility is easily accessible

iii. Exit quickly

Deloitte: The Stadium Experience

What are core four?

i. A lot of the same thing for the fan stadium experience (clean and safe, quality competition, fair refs)

Basics

i.Warmup and pratcie areas (are they a thing? How big are they?)

ii. Information (are there schedules posted? Policies? Forms? Welcome events, athlete village

Athlete experience

the exercise of power and authority in sport orgs including policy making, membership, eligibility, and regulatory power.

- no single authority oversees or provides rules and regs: diff sports, diff bodies

- who has authority in competition structure and who can give the rights to an event

- provide rules, structure, oversight, and provides resources to managers

sport governing bodies

FINA, NCAA , NAIA, IHSAA, and AAU are examples of

sport governing bodies

organization or business that controls and owns the rights to an event

- can be gov body of a sport/pro tour or league (NFL)

- can be oversight association (NCAA)

- can be independent business (X-Games, ESPN)

rights holders

T/F a sanction is the official approval to host an event which is granted by the manager associated with the sport event

F (governing body of sport, not manager of event)

contractual formal agreement that establishes a partnership

- establishes partnership

- provides approved and standardized rules

- keeps participants safe

- provides consistency of experience

sanction

travel to and participation in, or attendance at, a predetermined sport activity

- multi-billion dollar industry

social benefits (ppl in community come together and interact)

- psychological benefits (pride that a region is interacting and creating awareness)

- economic benefits (money spent in region)

sport tourism

Which of the following about sport tourism is NOT true?

a. travel has to be centered around a sport event

b. must consist of an overnight stay

c. must return home afterward

d. destination can be visited for the reason of taking up permanent residence

d

sport event property that has interest from people outside of region to spectate, getting a hotel for a night or 2 to watch an event (travel to NFL game in Dallas)

event sport tourism

an organization, often non-profits, that exists specifically to attract sport events to an area and assist in hosting those events

sports commission

i. Membership

ii. Corporate donations (cash and or in-kind services)

iii. Grants

iv. Bed tax (hotel taxes, go to fund commissions)

v. Managing events (through bid and creating them)

Sports commission funding model

a. Definition: the new money entering a region resulting in a change in regional output, earrings and employment

a. Economic impact calculation

i. Direct spending

ii. Indirect spending

iii. Induced spending

iv. Economic impact multiplier (any time a transaction is taking placeterm-59, the money is more likely to turn over again) (1.7 is a commonly economic impact multiplier)

a. Direct impact formula (Avg size of a party, helps communicate impact of the event and the out of town visitors that are coming for it)

Economic impact

traveling to participate in an event (Disney Marathon)

active sport tourism

travel to sport museums or hall of fames, revisiting events from childhood, hallmark events that take place in a historic venue

nostalgia-based sport tourism

T/F: the terms "sport tourism" and "tourism sport" mean the same thing

F (tourism sport is going to sport event during a trip made for a separate reason)

Which of the following is NOT a motivation for sport tourism?

a. alleviating stress, escaping

b. group affiliation, vicarious achievement

c. event is near other tourist destinations

d. aesthetic appreciation and drama

c

i. Family

ii. Reference groups and social classes

iii. Culture and subculture

Factors influencing sport tourism

a. Governing bodies and rights holder organizations

b. Destination marketing organizations, convention, and visitors bureaus and sports commissions

c. Sport organizations

i. Venue

ii. Accommodation providers

iii. Food and beverage providers

iv. Transportation providers

v. Sponsors

Actors in sport tourism

Definition: the exercise of power and authority in sports organizations, including policy-making, membership, eligibility, and regulatory power

Sport governance

Governing bodies

i. International and national; FINA and USA swimming

ii. Intercollegiate sports: NCAA and NAIA

iii. Interscholastic sports: NFHS (National Federation of State High School Associations)

iv. Youth sports: AAU and USSSA

Governing bodies

Definition: organization or business that controls and own the rights to an event

Sport event rights holders

i. It can be the governing body of a sport

ii. It can be the governing body of a professional tour or league

iii. It can be an oversight association

iv. It can be an independent business (Ice Cubes Big Three)

Sport event rights holders

envisioning the event and the reason for it

consideration of multiple stakeholders, and possibly forming a local organizing committee

- mission, goals obj's

- brainstorming

- creative thinking

- can lead to ancillary events ^^

development phase

involves making the vision a reality, selecting the type of event, creating timelines and contingencies

- identify target market, needed time, facility and location

planning phase

Which is not true about resources for sport events?

a. they can be human

b. they can be financial

c. they can be physical

d. they can be intangibles

d

leadership and flexibility are critical in this phase.

- gather resources

- train staff

- implement management procedures

- coordination of activities

implementation phase

- assess activities during event

- comparison bt results and objectives

- helpful for future events

evaluation phase

games, contests, races, performances, fights/matches

competition types

these do not count toward standing (pre-season, bowl games, all star games)

exhibition

rankings and points are not connected to season or tournament

- boxing has awards but not part of something else

stand-alone

collection of competitions to determine a winner over a season

- skiing, racing, golf

series/tour

Each team competes in a similar # of games that lead to post-season games

MLB, NFL, NHL, NBA

league

can be at a recreation level, ensure participation in equal number of competitions

round robin

bunch of competitions to determine one champion

at the end of a series, stand-alone

tournament

you lose, you are done

- tennis, NHL

single elimination

if you lose, you go to consolation bracket

- can have timing issues

first round loser

round 16 feed-in

quarter final feed-in

full feed-in

(main draw or consolation)

feed-on consolation

NCAA baseball tournament

if you lose you still have a chance to work your way back up

double elimination

ensures more than 2 competitions per team. if you win you move right, losers move left

compass draw

based on:

- reg season record (NBA, MLB)

- position in rankings (tennis: points)

- qualification time (racing: drake relays)

- round robin games (KO Bracket)

- performance in previous round (swimming, track: lanes awarded)

seeding

identifying the most qualified prospective hosts for the sport event

sport event bidding

Which is not a macro-level bidding component?

a. political

b. infrastructure

c. economic/tourism

d. psychological/community

e. architectural

b

centralization

- ensuring employees serve mission in effective way

- serves needs of ppl who have power over an org

- concentrate org under a single authority (CEO)

strategic apex

balkanization (divide)

- VP's, functional area mgrs, venue mgrs

- chain from apex to operating core of an org

- power delegated from formal authority

- solidify importance by balkanization

middle line

professionalization

- perform basic work related to event (concessions, ticket taking, parking, clean-up)

- directly related to event participants and spectators

- try to justify their necessity to event, not easily replaced when they require special skills or education

operating core

standardization

- analysts who serve org by affecting work of others

- may design work, change it, plan it, or train people to execute it, but will not execute themselves

- try to standardize sport events

technostructures

collaboration

- specialized units outside operating work flow of org itself

- want to collaborate to make event successful and show importance

- sponsors, service providers, broadcasters

support staff

fits with horizontal or flat structure.

- loose division of labor, minimal differentiation among units, small managerial hierarchy

- strategic apex is main part of structure, work is controlled by direct supervision

Olympics organizers use this at beginning of planning, community and rec events

simple structure