Reproductive Health and Birth Control

Vocabulary flashcards covering reproductive health, demographic statistics, family planning, and contraceptive methods from the lecture notes.

Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) Programmes

Governmental and non-governmental programmes aimed at creating awareness among people about various reproduction-related aspects and providing facilities and support for building up a reproductively healthy society.

Amniocentesis

A fetal sex-determination and diagnostic procedure in which amniotic fluid is taken to analyze fetal cells and dissolved substances to detect genetic disorders such as Down syndrome, haemophilia, and sickle-cell anemia; statutory banned in India for sex-determination.

Saheli

A non-steroidal 'once a week' oral contraceptive pill for females with very few side effects and high contraceptive value, developed by scientists at the Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) in Lucknow, India.

Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI)

A research institute located in Lucknow, India, whose scientists developed the female oral contraceptive pill named Saheli.

World Population Growth Trends

The global population grew from around $2\text{ billion}$ ($2000\text{ million}$) in $1900$ to about $6\text{ billion}$ by $2000$, and reached $7.2\text{ billion}$ in $2011$.

India Population Growth Trends

India's population was approximately $350\text{ million}$ at independence, reached close to $1\text{ billion}$ by $2000$, and crossed $1.2\text{ billion}$ in May $2011$.

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)

The rate of maternal deaths during pregnancy or childbirth; a rapid decline in MMR is a key driver of population growth.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The rate of infant deaths; a rapid decline in IMR contributes significantly to population growth.

Hum Do Hamare Do

A public awareness slogan meaning 'we two, our two' promoted through media, posters, and bills to encourage couples to have smaller families.

Statutory Marriageable Age in India

The legal minimum age of marriage in India, set at $18\text{ years}$ for females and $21\text{ years}$ for males.

Ideal Contraceptive

A contraceptive that is user-friendly, easily available, effective, reversible with no or least side-effects, and does not interfere with the user's sexual drive, desire, or act.

Periodic Abstinence

A natural contraceptive method in which couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day $10$ to $17$ of the menstrual cycle to prevent fertilisation.

Fertile Period

The period from day $10$ to $17$ of the menstrual cycle when ovulation is expected and chances of fertilisation are highest.

Withdrawal (Coitus Interruptus)

A natural contraceptive method in which the male partner withdraws his penis from the vagina just before ejaculation to avoid insemination.

Lactational Amenorrhea

A natural contraceptive method based on the absence of menstruation and ovulation during intense lactation post-parturition, effective up to a maximum period of $6\text{ months}$.

Barrier Methods

Contraceptive techniques where ovum and sperms are physically prevented from meeting using barriers such as condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, or vaults.

Condoms

Disposable barriers made of thin rubber or latex sheath used to cover the penis in males or the vagina/cervix in females prior to coitus, providing protection against unwanted pregnancy, STIs, and AIDS.

Nirodh

A popular brand of condom for males in India.

Diaphragms, Cervical Caps, and Vaults

Reusable rubber barriers inserted into the female reproductive tract to cover the cervix during coitus, blocking sperm entry; typically used with spermicidal creams, jellies, and foams.

Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs)

Contraceptive devices inserted by medical professionals into the uterus through the vagina to increase sperm phagocytosis and prevent pregnancy.

Non-medicated IUDs

A category of Intra Uterine Devices, such as Lippes loop, that increase phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus.

Copper Releasing IUDs

Intra Uterine Devices such as CuT, Cu7, and Multiload 375 that release copper ions to suppress sperm motility and fertilising capacity.

Hormone Releasing IUDs

Intra Uterine Devices such as Progestasert and LNG-20 that make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to sperms.

Oral Contraceptive Pills

Small doses of progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations taken daily for $21\text{ days}$ starting within the first $5\text{ days}$ of the menstrual cycle, followed by a $7\text{-day}$ gap.

Emergency Contraceptives

Administration of progestogens, progestogen-estrogen combinations, or IUDs within $72\text{ hours}$ of coitus to prevent pregnancy due to rape or casual unprotected intercourse.

Vasectomy

A surgical sterilisation procedure in males where a small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scrotum.

Tubectomy

A surgical sterilisation procedure in females where a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through an incision in the abdomen or vagina.