Destination C1 & C2 Unit 2

assess (v)

to carefully consider a situation, person or problem in order to make a judgment

They a________ed the cost of the flood damage at £2,500.

Exams are not the only means of as_______ing a student's ability.

It's too early to a________s the long-term consequences of the two countries' union.

[ + question word ] We need to a______s whether the project is worth doing.

assume (v)

to believe that something is true, even though no one has told you or even though you have no proof

I a________ed (that) you knew each other because you went to the same school.

Let's a________e that they're coming and make plans on that basis. [ + to infinitive ] We can't a________e the suspects to be guilty simply because they've decided to remain silent.

предполагать, допускать

baffle (v)

if a problem, someone's behaviour, etc ..... you, you cannot understand it or solve it

She was completely b________d by his strange behaviour.

озадачить

biased (adj)

preferring one person, thing or idea to another in a way that is unfair

b________ against/towards/in favour of

[It was a ... report.]

предвзятый

concentrate (v)

to give all your attention to the thing you are doing

=focus

Come on, ________! We don't have all day to do this.

I can't ________ on my work with all that noise.

I find running ________s the mind (= helps me to think).

I'm going to ________ on my writing for a while.

The company is ________ing (its resources) on developing new products.

consider (v)

1. to think about something carefully before making a decision or developing an opinion.

Don't make any decisions before you've ________ed the situation. [ + question word ] Have you ________ed what you'll do if you don't get the job?

[ + -ing verb ] We're ________ing selling the house.

be ________ed for

She's being ________ed for the job.

I'd like some time to ________ before I make a decision.

2.to give attention to a particular subject or fact when judging something else:

You've got to c________r the time element when planning the whole project.

[ + question word ] If you c________r how long he's been learning the piano, he's not very good.

3.to care about or respect other people or their feelings and wishes:

Did you c_______r your mother and how she's going to feel about you leaving?

She never c_________s anyone but herself - she's totally selfish!

contemplate (v)

to spend time considering a possible future action, or to consider one particularthing for a long time in a serious and quiet way:

[ + -ing verb ] I'm c________ng going abroad for a year.

They were c___________ing a move to California.

It's too awful/horrific/dangerous to c__________e.

cynical (adj)

believing that people are only interested in themselves and are not sincere:

She has a pretty c______ view of men.

I've always been deeply c______ about politicians.

used to say that someone's feelings or emotions are used to your own advantage:

She works in that most c_______ of industries - advertising.

He praises my cooking but it's just a c______ ploy to get me to make him dinner.

deduce (v)

to reach an answer or a decision by thinking carefully about the known facts:

We cannot d_______e very much from these figures.

[ + that ] The police have d_______d that he must have left his apartment yesterday evening.

deliberate (v)

to think or talk seriously and carefully about something:

The jury took five days to d__________ on the case.

The committee has d_________ed the question at great length.

[ + question word ] He's d_________ing whether or not to accept the new job that he's been offered.

dilemma (n)

a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two different things you could do:

=quandary

The president is clearly in a d________a about/over how to tackle the crisis.

She faces the d_________a of disobeying her father or losing the man she loves.

a moral/ethical d_______a

discriminate (v)

1. to treat a person or particular group of people differently, especially in a worse way from the way in which you treat other people, because of their race, gender, sexuality, etc.:

be di_________d against

She felt she had been d_________ed against because of her age.

d_________e in favour of In order to increase the number of female representatives, the selection committee decided to d___________e in favour of women for three years.

2.to be able to see the difference between two things or people:

d_________e between

Police dogs can d_________e between the different smells.

dubious (adj)

thought not to be completely true or not able to be trusted:

These claims are d_________ and not scientifically proven.

He has been associated with some d________ characters.

Ruth Ellis has the d________ (= bad) distinction of being the last woman to be hanged in Britain.

feeling doubt or not feeling certain:

I'm d________ about his promises to change his ways.

estimate (v)

to guess or calculate the cost, size, value, etc. of something:

Government sources e_______ a long-term 50 percent increase in rail fares.

[ + (that) ] They e_______ (that) the journey will take at least two weeks.

[ + question word ] It was difficult to e_______e how many trees had been destroyed.

estimate (n)

a guess of what the size, value, amount, cost, etc. of something might be:

The number of people who applied for the course was 120 compared with an initial e_______ of between 50 and 100.

We'll accept the lowest of three e_______s for the building work.

a conservative (= low) e_______e

a rough (= not exact) e_______e

gather (v)

to understand or believe something as a result of something that has been said or done:

Harry loves his new job, I g_______.

From what I can g_____r, they're old school friends.

genius (n)

very great and rare natural ability or skill, especially in a particular area such as science or art, or a person who has this:

(an) artistic/creative/musical g________

Einstein was a (mathematical) g________.

From the age of three, she showed signs of g_____s.

stroke of g______s It was such a brilliant idea - a real stroke of g________s.

evil g______s The film was about an evil g______s who wanted to control the world.

have a genius for something She has a g_______ for raising money.

grasp (v)

to understand something, especially something difficult:

I think I managed to g______ the main points of the lecture.

The government has acknowledged that homelessness is a problem but it has failed to gr_____ the scale of the problem.

guesswork (n)

the process of making a guess when you do not know all the facts:

pure g_______k The projected sales figures are pure g_______k on our part.

hunch (n)

an idea that is based on feeling and for which there is no proof:

[ + that ] I had a h_____ that you'd be here.

act on/follow a h______ Sometimes you have to be prepared to act on/follow a h_______.

ideology (n)

a set of beliefs or principles, especially one on which a political system, party, or organization is based:

socialist/capitalist i________y

The people are caught between two opposing i_________ies.

ingenious (adj)

(of a person) very intelligent and skilful, or (of a thing) skilfully made or planned and involving new ideas and methods:

an i_______ idea/method/solution

Johnny is so i______s - he can make the most remarkable sculptures from the most ordinary materials.

inspiration (n)

1. someone or something that gives you ideas for doing something:

i________ for The golden autumn light provided the i________ for the painting.

divine i________n He went to church, perhaps seeking divine inspiration.

In a flash of sheer i_________n, I decided to paint the whole house white.

2.someone that people admire and want to be like:

an i________ to She has been an i_________n to us all.

intuition (n)

(knowledge from) an ability to understand or know something immediately based on your feelings rather than facts:

Often there's no clear evidence one way or the other and you just have to base your judgment on i_______n.

[ + (that) ] I can't explain how I knew - I just had an i______n that you'd been involved in an accident.

justify (v)

to give or to be a good reason for:

[ + -ing verb ] I can't really j_______ taking another day off work.

Are you sure that these measures are j______d?

j______y yourself

It was the only thing that I could do - I don't have to j______ myself to anyone.

naive (adj)

(disapproving)

too willing to believe that someone is telling the truth, that people's intentions in general are good, or that life is simple and fair.

She was very n______ to believe that he'd stay with her.

They make the n____ assumption that because it's popular it must be good.

It was a little n______ of you to think that they would listen to your suggestions.

notion (n)

a belief or idea:

[ + that ] The show's director rejects the n______ that seeing violence on television has a harmful effect on children.

I have only a vague n______ of what she does for a living.

optimistic (adj)

hoping or believing that good things will happen in the future:

She is o________ about her chances of winning a gold medal.

pessimistic (adj)

thinking that bad things are more likely to happen or emphasizing the bad part of a situation:

The tone of the meeting was very p________c.

The doctors are p________ (= not hopeful) about his chances of recovery.

paradox (n)

a situation or statement that seems impossible or is difficult to understand because it contains two opposite facts or characteristics:

[ + that ] It's a curious p______ that drinking a lot of water can often make you feel thirsty.

plausible (adj)

1.seeming likely to be true, or able to be believed:

a p_________ explanation/excuse

2.someone who is p________ is good at talking in a way that sounds reasonable and truthful, although they may in fact be lying

a p________ liar

ponder (v)

(formal) to think carefully about something, especially for a noticeable length of time:

=consider

She sat back for a minute to p_______ her next move in the game.

p_________ on/over/about The university board is still p_______ing over the matter.

p_______ how/what/whether Jay stood still for a moment, p________ing whether to go or not.

prejudiced (adj)

showing an unreasonable dislike for something or someone:

The campaign is designed to make people less p______ about AIDS.

The media has been accused of presenting a p_______d view of people with disabilities.

Some companies are pr________d against taking on employees who are over the age of 40.

presume (v)

1.to believe something to be true because it is very likely, although you are not certain:

=assume

[ + (that) ] I p______e (that) they're not coming, since they haven't replied to the invitation.

[ + speech ] You are Dr Smith, I p_______e?

"Are we walking to the hotel?" "I p______e not/so."

[ + obj + adj ] The boat's captain is missing, pr_______d dead (= it is believed that he is dead).

In British law, you are p_______ed innocent until you are proved guilty.

[ + obj + to infinitive ] The universe is p_______ed to contain many other planets with some formof life.

2. to do something although you know that you do not have a right to do it:

[ + to infinitive ] I wouldn't p_______ to tell you how to do your job, but shouldn't this piece go there?

I don't wish to p_______ (= make a suggestion although I have no right to), but don't you think you should apologize to her?

He pr______s on her good nature (= takes unfair advantage of it).

query (n)

a question, often expressing doubt about something or looking for an answer from an authority:

If you have any q_______s about your treatment, the doctor will answer them.

query (v)

to ask questions, especially in order to check if something is true or correct:

A few students have q________d their marks.

[ + question word ] She q_______d whether three months was long enough.

[ + speech ] "Any chance of a cup of tea?" he q_______d hopefully.

reckon (v)

1.(informal) to think or believe:

I r_______ it's going to rain.

[ + (that) ] How much do you r_______n (that) it's going to cost?

"Can you fix my car today?" "I r______n not/so (= probably not/probably)."

2.to consider or have the opinion that something is as stated:

I don't r________ much to (US of) their chances of winning (= I do not think they will win).

She was widely r_______ed (to be) the best actress of her generation.

be r________ed with

worth taking seriously because of being powerful, important, or good:

Are unions still a force to be r_______d with?

Her new novel marks her as a writer to be re_____d with.

reflect (v)

(formal) to think carefully, especially about possibilities and opinions:

The manager demanded time to r_______t (on what to do).

[ + that ] She r_______d that this was probably the last time she would see him.

r_________ on sb/sth

to affect other people's opinion of someone or something, especially in a bad way:

When one player behaves disgracefully, it re_______s (badly) on the whole team.

The whole affair does not r_______t well on the government.

sceptical (UK), skeptical (US)

doubting that something is true or useful:

Many experts remain s________l about/of his claims.

speculate (v)

to guess possible answers to a question when you do not have enough informationto be certain:

I don't know why she did it - I'm just s_______ing.

A spokesperson declined to s__________e on the cause of the train crash.

Journalists are s________ing about whether interest rates will be cut.

[ + that ] The newspapers have s_________ed that they will get married next year.

suppose (v)

to think that something is likely to be true:

[ + (that) ] Dan didn't answer his phone, so I s_______e (that) he's busy.

He found it a lot more difficult to get a job than he s_______d it would be.

[ + (that) ] Do you s_______e (that) Gillian will marry him?

It is widely s______d (that) the CEO will be forced to resign.

[ + to infinitive ] We all s________d him to be German, but in fact he was Swiss.

Her new book is s______d to be (= generally people think it is) very good.

academic (adj)

1.relating to schools, colleges, and universities, or connected with studying and thinking, not with practical skills:

a__________ subjects/qualifications/books

an a_______ institution

a__________ standards

2.used to describe someone who is clever and enjoys studying:

I was never a particularly a_________ child.

3.based on ideas and theories and not related to practical effects in real life:

a purely a__________c argument/question

academic (UK)/academician (US) (n)

someone who teaches at a college, or who studies as part of their job

academics (US)

the subjects that you study in high school or college:

Her son seems to prefer sports over a_________s.

conscientious (adj)

putting a lot of effort into your work:

=painstaking

a c________s student

A c_________s teacher may feel inclined to take work home.

cram (v)

to try to learn a lot very quickly before an exam:

She's c______ing for her history exam.

curriculum (n)

the subjects studied in a school, college, etc. and what each subject includes:

the school c_______

the national c_________ (=in some countries, the set of subjects that children must study)

distance learning/education (n phrase)

a way of studying in which you do not attend a school, college, or university, but study from where you live, usually being taught and given work to do over the internet:

They offer advanced degrees or professional certification through d_______e l________g.

graduate (n)

(UK) a person who has a first degree from a university or college:

a Cambridge g________

Chris is a physics g_________.

(US) =grad =a person who has finished their school, college, or university education:

high-school g______s

g_______e of She's a recent g________e of Yale.

graduate (v)

(UK) to complete a first university degree successfully:

g_______ from Lorna g_____d from Freiburg University.

g_______ with honours in Tom has just g_______d with first-class honours in psychology.

(US) to complete school, college, or university successfully:

graduate from

After he gr_________d from high school, he joined the Army.

ignorant (adj)

not having enough knowledge, understanding, or information about something:

i_______ about Many teenagers are surprisingly i______t about current politics.

blissfully i_______ of We remained blissfully i________t of the troubles that lay ahead.

inattentive (adj)

not giving attention to someone or something:

i_______e to He was wholly i_______ to the needs of his children.

intellectual (adj)

relating to your ability to think and understand things, especially complicated ideas:

i_______ stimulation

Looking after a baby at home all day is nice but it doesn't provide much in________l stimulation.

I like detective stories and romances - nothing too i_________l.

very educated and interested in studying and other activities that involve careful thinking and mental effort:

He's very i_______l for a pop star.

She was more i_________l than her husband, and much better read.

intellectual (n)

a very educated person who is interested in complicated ideas and enjoys studyingand careful thinking:

She was too much of an i_________l to find popular movies interesting.

intelligent (adj)

showing intelligence, or able to learn and understand things easily:

He is a highly i________t person who can think outside the box.

She would like a partner with whom she can have an i_________t conversation.

Helen had a few i_________t things to say on the subject.

intensive (adj)

involving a lot of effort or activity in a short period of time:

two weeks of i________ training

an i_______ course in English

I_______ bombing had reduced the city to rubble.

knowledgeable (adj)

knowing a lot:

He's very k_________e about German literature.

lecture (n)

a formal talk on a serious subject given to a group of people, especially students:

We went to a l_______ on Italian art.

Who's giving the l_______ this afternoon?

an angry or serious talk given to someone in order to criticize their behaviour:

My dad gave me a l________ on the evils of alcohol last night.

lecture (v)

to give a formal talk to a group of people, often at a college or university:

For ten years she l_______d in law.

She travelled widely in North America, l______ng on women's rights.

mock exam/mock

an exam taken at school for practice before a real exam:

You will have your m_____s during the first two weeks of March.

plagiarise (v)

to use another person's ideas or work and pretend that it is your own:

The book contains numerous p______zed passages.

If you compare the two books side by side, it is clear that the author of the second has p________d (from the first).

self-study (n)

a way of learning about a subject that involves studying alone at home, rather than in a classroom with a teacher:

The diploma is awarded following a course of s____-s______ ending in a three-hour exam.

s____-s______ materials/workbooks/programs

seminar (n)

an occasion when a teacher or expert and a group of people meet to study and discuss something:

I attended practically every lecture and s_____ when I was a student.

I'm giving a s______r on the latest developments in genetic engineering next week.

a s_______ room

special needs (n phrase)

the particular things needed by or provided to help people who have an illness or condition that makes it difficult for them to do the things that other people do:

carers for children with s_______l n______s

a s_______ n____s teacher

tuition (n)

(UK) teaching, especially when given to a small group or one person, such as in a college or university:

All students receive t_______ in logic and metaphysics.

(US) the money paid for this type of teaching:

Few can afford the t______ of $12,000 a semester.

tutorial (n)

a period of study with a tutor and a small group of students:

Students only have 8 hours of t_______s a week.

a document or website on a computer that shows you how to use a product in a series of easy stages:

An online t______ for the program is available on our website.

brush up (on)

to improve your knowledge of something already learned but partly forgotten:

I thought I'd b________ u_ (o_) my French before going to Paris.

come (a)round (to)

to change your opinion of something, often influenced by another person's opinion:

He'll c_____ r________ t_ my point of view, given a bit of time.

Do you still dislike your office, or have you c______ r_______ t_ thinking it's all right?

come up with

to think of an idea, answer etc

Is that the best excuse you can c______ u_ w_____?

We’ve been asked to c_____ u_ w____ some new ideas.

face up to

to accept and deal with a difficult fact or problem

They’ll never offer you another job; you might as well f____ u_ t_ it.

She had to f_____ u_ t_ the fact that he was guilty.

figure out

to finally understand something or someone, or find the solution to a problem after a lot of thought:

[ + question word ] I can't f______ o___ why he did it.

I find him really odd - I can't f_____ him o__ at all.

Can you f______ o___ the answer to question 5?

hit upon

to think of an idea when you didn't expect or intend to, especially one that solves a problem:

When we first h___ o_ the idea, everyone told us it would never work.

make out

to see, hear, or understand something or someone with difficulty:

The numbers are too small - I can't m____ them o__ at all.

I can't m____ o__ your writing.

She's a strange person - I can't m____ her o__ at all.

[ + question word ] Nobody can m_____ o___ why you should have been attacked.

mull over

to think carefully about something for a long time:

I need a few days to m_____ things o_____ before I decide if I'm taking the job.

piece together

learn the truth about something by considering all the separate bits of information you have

Investigators are trying to p______ t_______ what happened just before the accident.

puzzle out

to discover or understand something by thinking hard about it:

[ + question word ] I still can't p_____ o___ how I managed to spend so much money last month.

read up (on/about)

to read a lot about something because you will need to know about it

You’ll enjoy traveling more if you r____ u_ o_ the history of the countries you’ll be visiting.

swot up (on)

to learn as much as you can about a subject, especially in order to prepare for an examination

It’s worth s_____ing u_ on all the different types of computer before you buy one.

I spent all last night s_____ing u_ German verbs.

take in

to understand and remember new facts and information

=absorb

He watches the older kids, just t____ng it all i_.

His eyes quickly t______ i_ the elegance of her dress.

think over

to consider an idea or plan carefully before making a decision:

I'll t_____ it o_____ and give you an answer next week.

think through

to think carefully about the possible results of something

The policy has not been t________t t_______ properly.

It’s my fault. I didn’t t______ it t_______.

I need time to t_____ things t_______.

think up

to produce a new idea, name etc by thinking

She was trying to t______ u_ an excuse.

Did you t_____ that u_ yourself?

Who t_______s u_ names for new products?

go to your head

1.If something goes to someone's head, it makes that person think that they are very important and makes them a less pleasant person:

Don't let fame/success g_ to your h_____.

2.If alcohol goes to your head, it makes you feel slightly drunk:

Champagne always g_es straight t_ my h______.

have/keep your wits about you

to think and react quickly when something dangerous or difficult happens unexpectedly:

She managed to k_____ her w___s a_______ her and escaped unharmed.

in the dark (about)

not informed about things that might be useful to know:

Our boss tends to k_____ us i_ the d_____ most of the time.

“Do you know anything?” “No, I'm completely i_ the d_____, like everyone else.”

know what's what

(informal) If you know w____ w____, you have a lot of experience and can judge people and situations well:

Linda's been in the business for 30 years - she knows w____'s w____.

not have a leg to stand on

to be in a situation in which you cannot prove something:

If you have no witnesses, you don't h____ a l__ to st____ o_.

not see the wood for the trees (UK)/not see the forest for the trees (US)

to be unable to get a general understanding of a situation because you are too worried about the details

put two and two together

(informal) to guess the truth about a situation from what you have seen or heard:

"How did you know they were having an affair?" "I'd seen them out together a couple of times, so I just p____ t____ and t__ t_____r."

quick/slow on the uptake

taking a very short/long time to understand or realise something

drive/send someone round the bend

to make someone very bored or very angry:

My mother's been d_____ng me a_____d the b____.

Staying at home all day was d_____ing her a______ the _____.

ring a bell

to sound familiar:

The name r_____ a b___ but I couldn't remember where I had heard it before.

r____ a b___ with No, I'm sorry, that description doesn't r____ any b____s with m_.

split hairs

to argue about small details of something

But I don't want to s_____ h____.

Let's stop s_____ing h_____ and get back to the main issue.

take stock (of)

to examine a situation carefully:

After the storm homeowners came out to t____ s______ o_ the damage.

While in hospital, Jeremy t_____ s_____ o_ his life.

account (11 collocations)

1.by/from all accounts

=as said by most people:

By all accounts, San Francisco is a city that's easy to fall in love with.

2.by your own account

=what you say is true although you have not proved it:

By his own account, he's quite wealthy.

3.on account of something

=because of something:

He doesn't drink alcohol on account of his poor health.

4.be of no/little account

=to not be important:

It's of no account to me whether he comes or not.

5.hold someone to account

=to make someone accept that they are responsible for sth:

Holding those in power to account is the essence of democracy.

6.on someone's account

= it is because of that person or thing:

I'm not very hungry, so please don't cook on my account (= don't cook just for me).

They were tired, but not any less enthusiastic on that account.

7.on no account

=sth must not be done at any time or for any reason:

Employees must on no account make personal phone calls from the office.

8.take something into account/take account of sth

=to consider or remember something when judging a situation:

I hope my teacher will take into account the fact that I was ill just before the exams when she marks my paper.

9.give a good/poor account of yourself

=to do something or perform very well or very badly

Kevin gave a good account of himself in today’s game.

10.bring/call somebody to account

=to force someone who is responsible for a mistake or a crime to explain publicly why they did it and punish them for it if necessary

The people responsible for the accident have never been brought to account.

11.put/turn something to good account

=to use something for a good purpose

Perhaps she could put some of her talents to good account by helping us.

associate

to connect someone or something in your mind with someone or something else:

a________ sth with Most people e_________ this brand with good quality.

balance (10 collocations)

1.lose your balance The toddler wobbled and lost his balance (= started to fall sideways).

2.keep/maintain balance These canals inside the ear are responsible for helping the body maintain balance.

3.strike/achieve/find a balance We must strike a balance between reckless spending and penny-pinching (= try to have something between these two things).

4.redress the balance New tax measures are designed to redress the balance (= make the situation more equal) between rich and poor.

5.balance between She says finding the right balance between her own ideas and those of her tutors was initially confusing.

The gender balance is improving as we are now training more female paramedics.

6.knock/throw somebody off balance

The blow was hard enough to knock him off balance.

7.upset the balance (=make it less equal or correct)The move could upset the delicate balance of power in the Middle East.

8.change/alter/shift the balance Will this alter the balance of power in the EU?

9.on balance

after thinking about all the different facts or opinions:

I would say that, on balance, it hasn't been a bad year.

On balance, I believe he was a good president.

10.in balance

spending no more money in a budget (= financial plan) than is taken in during a particular period:

We want to cut the budget to get it in balance by next year.

basis (5 collocations)

1.be/form/provide the basis for This document will form the basis for our discussion.

2.on the basis of Decisions were often made on the basis of (= using) incorrect information.

3.on a voluntary basis Most of our staff work for us on a voluntary basis (= they workcwithout being paid).

4.basis for sth Should the TV licence fee continue to be the basis for the BBC's funding?

Ministers claimed the figures were bogus and had no basis in reality.

on a daily/monthly/regular, etc. basis Skills need to be updated on an ongoing basis.

on a full-time/permanent/temporary, etc. basis She's employed by the agency on a temporary basis.

5.on a need-to-know basis

=if information is given to people on a need-to-know basis, they are given only the details that they need at the time when they need them

Access to the manufacturing process is on a strictly need-to-know basis.

belief (12 collocations)

1.beyond belief

=too bad, good, difficult, etc. to be imagined:

The brutality of the murders was beyond belief.

2. a firm/strong belief

3. a strongly-held/deeply-held belief 4. common/popular/widespread belief

5. a widely-held belief

6. a mistaken/false belief

7. a sincere belief

8. a passionate belief

9. have a belief You must always have the belief that you can succeed.

10. hold a belief He held this belief until the day he died.

11. be based on the belief that …Our policies must be based on the belief that the planet’s resources are finite.

12. contrary to popular belief

conclusion (15)

1.come to/arrive at/reach a conclusion (=decide something)I eventually came to the conclusion that I wanted to study law.

2.draw a conclusion (=decide something from what you learn or see) We tried not to draw any conclusions too early in the investigation.

3. jump to/leap to conclusions (=decide something is true without knowing all the facts, especially when you are wrong) Everyone jumped to the conclusion that we would get married.

4. lead to/point to a conclusion (=make you decide that something is true) All the data led to only one conclusion.

5.support a conclusion (=suggest that something is true) The evidence supports the conclusion that his death was an accident.

6. an obvious conclusion

7. the wrong conclusion

8. the right/correct conclusion

9. the opposite conclusion

10. the inescapable/inevitable conclusion

11. the logical conclusion

12. a firm conclusion

13. a surprising/startling conclusion

14. a hasty conclusion (=one that you reach too quickly, so that you are probably wrong) Researchers must beware of drawing hasty conclusions.

15.foregone conclusion