Cartilage & integumentary Lecture

Cartilage

Connective tissue made of chondrocytes embedded in an extracellular matrix

Chondrocytes

Cells of cartilage

Hyaline cartilage

Type of cartilage with a glassy appearance; contains lacunae, ground substance, and collagen

Hyaline cartilage ground substance

Gel-like substance that is approximately 60–80% H₂O

Hyaline cartilage locations

Skull, nose, articular cartilage, costal cartilage, epiphyseal plates, trachea, and larynx

Hyaline cartilage functions

Provides flexible support and helps maintain shape

Elastic cartilage

Cartilage containing many elastic fibers

Elastic cartilage function

Helps maintain shape and provide support

Elastic cartilage locations

Epiglottis and pinna

Fibrocartilage

Cartilage characterized by thick collagen bundles

Fibrocartilage function

Resists compression and shearing forces

Fibrocartilage locations

Menisci and the outer ring of intervertebral discs

Intervertebral disc outer ring

Fibrocartilage

Scurvy

Disease associated with vitamin C deficiency in which collagen fibers cannot be properly maintained

Vitamin C and collagen

Vitamin C deficiency leads to collagen fibers not being maintained properly

Sarcoma

Cancer of connective tissue

Integumentary system

Body system consisting of the skin and associated structures

Skin

An organ of the integumentary system

Skin functions

Protection, vitamin D production, sensation, and thermal regulation

Skin protection

Protects against physical damage, infection, dehydration, and UV radiation

Skin vitamin D function

Contributes to vitamin D production, which is involved in calcium absorption

Skin sensation function

Allows the body to sense stimuli

Skin thermal regulation function

Helps regulate body temperature

Epidermis

Top layer of the skin; described in the notes as the “angry” degree

Dermis

Second layer of the skin

Stratum basale

Bottom layer of the epidermis

Stratum basale cells

Contains germ cells that produce keratinocytes

Keratinocytes

Cells produced by germ cells in the stratum basale

Stratum spinosum

Second layer of the epidermis

Stratum granulosum

Third layer of the epidermis

Stratum granulosum contents

Contains granules and produces keratin-related material

Stratum lucidum

Fourth layer of the epidermis

Stratum lucidum location

Found in thick skin

Stratum corneum

Fifth layer of the epidermis

Stratum corneum cells

Contains dead cells filled with keratin

Keratin

Protein associated with the dead cells of the stratum corneum

Melanocytes

Cells surrounded by keratinocytes that produce melanin

Melanin

Pigment produced by melanocytes that protects against UV damage to stem cells

Dendritic cells

Cells that monitor for infection and alert the immune system

Dermis

Layer beneath the epidermis that contains the papillary and reticular regions

Papillary dermis

Part of the dermis

Reticular dermis

Part of the dermis

Dermis and epidermis

The notes indicate a relationship between oil production, the dermis, and epidermis