Chapter 8: MOTIVATION & EMOTION

MODULE 8.1 THE "WHYS" OF BEHAVIOR

Motivation

Factors that activate, direct, and sustain goal-directed behavior.

Motives are the “whys” of behavior. In other words, the needs or wants that drive behavior

True

Can we directly observe motives?

No, motives are inferred; we cannot directly observe them

Instinct Theory

Behavior is motivated by instincts (innate patterns of response specific to a particular species)

Example of Instinct Theory

Chicks open their mouth when mother returns to nest

Current status of Instinct Theory regarding human motivation?

Theory is currently out of favor re :human motivation

Drive theory

Behavior is motivated by biological needs that demand satisfaction. Based on homeostasis

Homeostasis

The tendency of the body to maintain a steady internal state

Need V.S. Drive

A Need= an internal body deficiency'

A Drive= a bodily tension that arises from a need (biological)

Example of a NEED and its corresponding DRIVE

EX: Blood sugar drops due to not eating (THE NEED) ——> DRIVE: Become Hungry

Drive Reduction Theory

The satisfaction of the drive is called drive reduction

EXAMPLE OF DRIVE REDUCTION THEORY

Hunger motivates you to eat to restore homeostasis.

In the 1950s, the DRIVE REDUCTION THEORY was in favor

true

Arousal Theory

We have biological needs for exploration and activity, called STIMULUS MOTIVES

DRIVE THEORY IS BASED ON SURVIVAL

true

Arousal is what else motivates humans besides surviving

true

HARRY HARLOW

Associated w/ AROUSAL/STIMULUS MOTIVES

What happens when stimulation dips below optimal level?

A person will seek ways to increase it

Sensation Seekers

High need for arousal/ mental and physical boredom

Psychosocial Sources of Motivation

Psychosocial needs= Interpersonal Needs

Drive = Survival

true

Example of Psychological and Interpersonal Needs

Need for Affiliation OR need for achievement

The need for Affiliation or Achievement develops early in life how?

SCHOOL and PARENTS

Is the need for achievement and affiliation strongly influenced by parents?

yes

People with low need for achievement

People w/ low need for achievement are more motivated to avoid failure

High need for achievement characteristics

Motivated by challenging but realistic goals

Who created the Hierarchy of Needs?

Abraham Maslow

HIGH NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT IS MOTIVATED BY MEETING YOUR GOALS

true

Abraham Maslows theory suggests and order to human needs

true

There are 5 levels of Abraham Maslows Theory

true

Need for self - actualization

fulfilling your own potential

Esteem Needs

Achievement; Respect

Love & Belongingness Needs

Intimacy; Social needs

Safety Needs

Secure housing, safe from crime

Physiological Needs

Hunger; Food

What is Level 1?

Physiological needs

What is Level 2?

Safety Needs

What is Level 3?

Love/Belongingness Needs

What is Level 4?

Esteem Needs

What is Level 5?

Self-actualization Needs (fulfilling your potential)

What drives people with a high need for achievement?

They are motivated by meeting your goals

What are the 2 main points of evaluation for Maslow’s theory?

Pro: Self-Awareness really highlights biological and psychological

Con: Needs may not always be in this specific order

Example of how needs can be different form the Maslow’s hierarchy

Going to college