oc reactions

alkenes to alcohol

steam, H3PO4 catalyst, high temp and pressure

alkene to alkyl halides (halogenoalkanes)

H-X (g) room temperature

electrophilic addition

alkene to alkane

H2 gas, Ni catalyst

reduction

alkyl halide to alkene

KOH or NaOH in ethanol, heat

elimination of HX

alcohol to alkene

excess conc H2SO4 heat

elimination of water

alkene to halogenoalkane (double sub)

Cl2 or Br2 in CCl4

or if sub Cl and OH use aqueous

alkene to diol?

mild oxidation

KMnO4 aq NaOH aq COLD

decolourise purple to colourless

alkene oxidative cleavage

KMnO4 aq H2SO4 aq heat

reduction of benzene?

H2 nickel catalyst heat

benzene to halogenobenzene

(anhydrous) X2, AlX3, r.t

where AlX3 acts as a lewis acid catalyst

benzene to alkylbenzene

RX, AlX3 room temperature

benzene to nitrobenzene

conc HNO3, conc H2SO4 50 degC

electrophilic sub

X2 under UV light

for free radical sub

methylbenzene add NO2 group?

conc HNO3 conc H2SO4 30 degC

methylbenzene add alkyl group to ring?

RX AlX3 room temperature

electrophilic sub

halogenoalkane to amine

nucleophilic sub

excess NH3 in ethanol heat in sealed tube

alcohol to halogenoalkane

nucleophilic sub

PCl5 room temp (anhydrous)

white fumes will be observed

halogenoalkane to alcohol

NaOH / KOH (aq) heat

halogenoalkane add CN

nucleophilic sub

NaCN in ethanol heat

or KCN in ethanol heat

halogenoalkane to alkene

KOH in ethanol heat or NaOH in ethanol heat

Nitrile to CH2NH2 (reduction)

LiAlH4 dry ether room temperature

or H2 gas Ni heat

nitrile to cooh (hydrolysis)

H2SO4 aq heat

Sn2?

nucleophile + reactant → [x] ++- → exit of anion

rear attack and inversion of configuration

SN1?

partial charges, leaving group leaves, carbocation is formed, attack of line pair on C+ include SLOW and FAST step

chiral & equal opportunity to attack either side → racemic mixture formed and no optical activity

alcohol to carboxylic acids

K2Cr2O7 aq or KMnO4 aq H2SO4 aq HEAT

oxidation

alcohol to alkoxides (O-)

Na room temp produced hydrogen gas

can alcohol react with Na or NaOH or Na2CO3

not acidic enough to react with anything other than Na metal

alcohol to aldehyde

oxidation

K2Cr2O7 or H2SO4 aq heat with DISTILLATION

phenol to phenoxide (O-)

NaOH or Na2CO3 or Na room temp

phenol to ester

NaOH aq

and ROCl room temperature

phenol add NO2 group

dilute HNO3 room temp

electrophilic sub

phenol to 2,4,6 bromophenol

Br2 room temp

produced white

full name of 2,4 DNPH?

2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine

what does 24DNPH test for?

aldehyde and ketones

positive test formed orange ppt, is a condensation reaction

tollens reagent tests for what

[Ag(NH3)2] + heat

positive for aldehyde aromatic and aliphatic

forms silver mirror

oxidaroonr

fehlings test for what

Alipathic aldehyde

positive turns brick red

oxidation

iodoform reagents?

I2 in NaOH aq heat

forms CHI3

condensation

aldehyde to carboxylic acid

oxidation K2 or KMnO4 heat

carboxylic acid to primary alcohol

LiAlH4 dry ether

aldehyde add CN

nucleophilic addition

HCN trace KCN cold

ketone add CN

HCN trace KCN cold

amide to carboxylic acid

acid or alkaline hydrolysis

H2SO4 aq heat

formation of esters

carboxylic acid and alcohol

conc H2SO4 heat

carboxylic acid to primary alcohol

LiAlH4 dry ether followed by water

carboxylic acid to carboxylate salt

NH3 aq room temp

acid base reaction

O- NH4+

carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

PCl5 room temp

nucleophilic sub

distinguishing test for carboxylic acid

Na2CO3 aq room temp forms CO2

acyl chloride to carboxylic acid

H2O room temp

acyl chloride forming ester

acyl chloride with alcohol or phenol at room temperature

acyl chloride to amide

excess conc NH3 room temp

what do u get when u reduce ester using LiAlH4 in dry ether room temp

primary alcohols

amino acid NH2 group reactions

HCl aq room temp: gets protonated H+

acyl chloride room temp: add acyl group to N to form amide

CH3Cl in ethanol heat: add methyl group

COOH grp in amino acid reactions?

NaOH, Na, Na2CO3 room temp: COO-Na+

PCl5 room temp: replace OH with Cl

LiAlH4 dry ether room temp: COOH becomes OH

CH3CH2NH2 to CH3CH2NHCH3 (addition of a methyl group)

CH3Br in ethanol heat in sealed tube

CH3CH2NH2 become CH3CH2NHCOCH3

CH3COCl room temp to form a amide

phenylamine add CH3 to the NH2

CH3I in ethanol heat

nitrobenzene to phenylamine

reduction

Sn conc HCl heat

amide to COO-

hydrolysis (the =O doesn’t change)

amide to amine

reduction LiAlH4 in dry ether room temperature