Nervous System

Ketamine

Blocks NMDA receptors, increasing glutamate release and activating AMPA receptors.

Advil (Ibuprofen)

Inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, reducing prostaglandin production.

Difference in Pain Mechanism

Ketamine alters pain perception centrally, while Advil reduces inflammation peripherally.

Schwann Cells

Produce myelin in the Peripheral Nervous System, aiding nerve signal transmission.

Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in myelin sheath that facilitate rapid signal conduction.

Myelin Sheaths

Insulate axons, increasing transmission speed.

Glial Cells

Support neurons, maintain homeostasis, and aid in repair.

Action Potential Propagation

Signal moves down the axon via saltatory conduction.

Synapse

The communication hub between neurons, allowing signals to transfer from one cell to another.

Epinephrine

Increases alertness and energy.

Dopamine

Regulates pleasure, motivation, and reward.

Serotonin

Controls mood, sleep, and emotional stability.

Basis of Drug Addiction

Drugs alter neurotransmitter activity, reinforcing compulsive behavior.