Research Methods, Exam 2 (AI)

Reliability

The consistency of a measure across time and contexts, ensuring that results are stable and reproducible.

Inter-rater Reliability

The extent to which two or more people/experimenters agree on results, ensuring consistent answers.

Test-retest Reliability

The extent to which results are consistent when tested again in the same way.

Systematic Error

Predictable and controllable bias that purposefully influences results.

Random Error

Fluctuations in measurement due to unpredictable factors, affecting result consistency.

Maturation Effect

Changes in individuals over time that can affect responses are not related to the reliability of the test.

Memory Effect

A source of error in test-retest reliability where participants recall their previous responses.

Naturalistic Observation

Observing individuals in their natural environment without intervention.

Laboratory/Systematic Observation

Observing individuals in a controlled setting (i.e. classroom or labratory) to study behaviors.

Narrative Records

Detailed accounts of everything observed during the observation period.

Field Notes

Records of relevant instances focused on the variables being assessed.

Rating Scales

Ranking scales or diaries provided to participants to assess their responses.

Likert Scales

A type of rating scale that measures the level of agreement or disagreement.

Behavior Coding Systems

Categorizing and quantifying specific behaviors for systematic analysis.

Free Response Questions

Open-ended questions allowing participants to express thoughts and feelings in their own words.

Forced Choice Questions

Closed questions that limit responses to specific options, like multiple choice.

Likert-type Scale

A scale measuring agreement with options of agree-neutral-disagree.

Double-barreled Questions

Questions that ask two different things at once, confusing the respondent.

Leading Questions

Questions designed to elicit a specific response, potentially biasing answers.

Loaded Questions

Questions that presuppose certain truths about the respondent.

Word Choice

The specific words used in questions that can significantly affect responses.

Nominal Data

Data that categorizes without a specific order or ranking.

Ordinal Data

Data that categorizes with a meaningful order or ranking, but without consistent intervals.

Scale Data

Data with order and consistent intervals, allowing for quantitative analysis.