Unit one history, nations founding, civil war, and recovery

New England Colonies

Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hapmshire

Southern Colonies

Virginia. Maryland, North and South Carolina, Georgia

Mercantilism

trade policy, have more exports than imports

America colonies products only to support Britain

Tobacco

falling price of tobacco made people think slavery would leave naturally, when it became too expensive

Cash Crop

tobacco, rice, indigo, grown everywhere in the south on large plantation systems

Plantations

grew cash crops, were big, owned by rich and powerful slave owners

Puritans

educated new England religious sect.

believed in hard work, didn’t like slavery

Elect

people vote for who gets position

The Mayflower Compact

civil body politic between Puritans and other stronger passengers

Massachusetts Bay Colony

supposed to be a city on a hill colony

Franchise

permission granted by a larger power to a smaller group to go and grow or sell a product

Town Hall Meeting

established precedent for meetings, or were canceled by the coercive acts

City on a Hill

speech by John Winthrop, America would be seen by all, must set a good example

John Winthrop

Puritan, political leader

gave city on a hill speech

Collectivism

society driven by community, communities needs are over individuals needs

Racism

developed with the U.S., as a way for white people to see themselves as better, and to justify slavery

French and Indian War

British fought French on Colonies land, taxed the colonies for the war since it was fought for them, British economy increases, Colonies economy decreases

Revenue Act or Sugar Act of 1764

British place tax on U.S. sugar for control and money, Colonies object due to no representation, Brits say they are virtually represented

Stamp Act of 1765

brits place tax on paper, need stamps to prove you paid

limits freedom of speech

Colonies protest, and parliament backs off/ cancels act

Sons of Liberty

terrorists who fought tax payers, led to declaratory act of 1766, said Brits were still in charge, right after they had just canceled the stamp act

Declaratory Act

said brits were still in charge, but lifted taxes

Townshend Acts

brits placed taxes on tea, millions of people in colonies protest, by boycotting, leads to Boston massacre, and people sending letters about their rights

Boycotts

a method of protest where people don’t buy the item, helped force the cancellation of the townshend acts

Boston Massacre

brits shot into peaceful protesters, killed 5 people, a black man was the first one killed

Boston Tea Party

colonists dressed like Native Americans threw tea into the harbor, tea was very valuble, caused the coercive acts

Coercive Acts

killing colonists, closed Boston’s port, gave immunity to all their soldiers, canceled town hall meetings and democracy, until colonies pay off tea thrown in harbor from the Boston Tea Party

Continental Congress

colonists form a committee against Brits, negotiate, write declaration of Independence

Lexington and Concord

first shots of revolution against Britain

Declaration of Independence

written by Thomas in 1776, was propaganda, listed why the colonies wanted to leave, has no legal power

said all men are created equal

Shays’ Rebellion

MA farmers rebelled because their land was taken because they owed money from raised taxes, shows how the AOC failed

Elastic/Necessary and Proper Clause

legislative can make laws if it’s deemed necessary and with proper clause, way to account for every future problem

Supremacy Clause

federal takes precedence over state law if they contradict

Veto

the ability to deny/ shoot down a decision or law

Electoral College

the states popular vote decides the direction all of the votes of the electoral collage go for that state, the electoral college decides who’s president

3/5 Compromise

for every 5 slaves 3 counted for the population of the state

south wanted each slave to count, north wanted none to count

Antebellum

before the civil war

Cotton gin

invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, combed out the seeds in cotton, slaves became necessary and profitable again to produce more cotton, in 1860 cotton was 56% of all exports

Eli Whitney

invented the cotton gin

King Cotton

cotton was center stage for southern economy

Economic Diversification

expanding opportunities, industrilization

Planter aristocracy

rich white plantation owners, controlled the south

Turner's Rebellion

in 1831, Nat Turner led a rebellion and killed 55 whites, children and woman too, in response, slave owners killed 55 blacks and became more oppressive

with the Haitian revolution slave owners became afraid and extra oppressive

Westward expansion

as population and territory of the U.S. expanded, territories could apply for state hood when enough people lived there, had to pick to become either a slave state or a free state, balance had to be kept

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

split the states that would be slave or free along the Ohio river, free north, slave south

Louisiana Purchase

U.S. bought land from France, in. the middle of North America, not Texas, that roughly doubled their territory, no rule for new states being slave or free as the Ohio river ends at the Mississippi river

Missouri Compromise

rule for slave or free state state in the Louisiana purchase, straight line out from where the Ohio river ended, south slave, north free, with the exception of Missouri which became a slave state and had Maine detach from Massachusetts to be another free state in order to balance it out

Tariff of Abominations

Raised the cost of foreign goods so Americas were cheaper, then U.S. raised their prices to just short of that, it was an effort to keep the economy in the U.S., good for north industrialization as they made more money, bad fir south as they had higher cost’s for no gain, heightened tensions between north and south

Nullification

make it mean nothing, some southern states did this on the tariff of abominations

Annexation

acquiring something often land, U.S. annexed Texas during Mexican war by having enough people move their that they made Texas a U.S. state

John C. Calhoun

helped annex Texas, vice president under Adams and Jackson

Stephen Douglas

senator from Illinois, wanted to be president, from north but supported slavery, so he thought both sides would vote for him

to gain popularity he wanted to bring in Nebraska and Kansas to the U.S. but did it with popular sovereignty, made both sides happy, north because the states were north, south because now they had a chance, he did this so that railroads would get built to Chicago, Illinois, the closest major port, and he would bring economic prosperity to Illinois

Compromise of 1850

Texas becomes slave state, California a free State, New Mexico and Utah decided by popular sovereignty, and slave trade in D.C. was ended, biggest in the country, then south got the fugitive slave act for balance

Fugitive Slave Act

anyone could be deputized to recapture escaped slaves, north had to return runaways to the south

Abolitionists

fought for the end of slavery

Uncle Tom's Cabin

book about the horrors of slavery, spread rapidly, made north morally against slavery instead of just economically against it, south made counter propaganda, but it didn’t work

Harriet Beacher Stowe

abolitionist that wrote Uncle Tom’s cabin

Frederick Douglas

escaaped slave abolitionist

Kansas-Nebraska Act

ended Missouri compromise, let states vote on slave or free, enacted by Stephen Douglas

Popular Sovereignty

decisions made by the people, they controlled the local goverment

Republicans

north, opposed slavery, split into radical and moderate after civiil war ended

Bleeding Kansas

word of vote for free or slave state got out, so big activists from north and. south went to Kansas, formed free and slave towns, they fought

Free-Soilers

did not want slavery to expand, but didn’t necessarily care if it was abolished where it already was

The Crime Against Kansas Speech

speech given Charles Sumner, on the horrors of slavery, as well as comparing the people their who raped their slaves with what their doing to Kansas, said mean things about others who weren’t there

The Caning of Sumner

he get’s beaten for his crime against Kansas speech, people celebrate it by making jewerly from cane pieces

Dred Scott

slave argued that because he had been brought to a free state he should now be free, supreme court voted against him 7-2, saw slaves as property, an unalienable right, and so all laws against slavery were void, became precedent

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Lincoln and Douglas debate over slavery, presidential debates

John Brown's Raid

he leads his sons and others in a raid against an armory to try to get weapons for slaves to fight wit, fails quickly

Election of 1860

Lincoln wins with 40% of vote, a lot of people against him

Secession

leaving the country, 7 states left after Lincoln got elected

Moderate Republicans

they were first, led by Andrew Johnson, just want the country back together, states could come back if they ended slavery, agreed to the 13th amendment, void secession, elect new politicians/ officials, government would give back confiscated property, all states back in less then a year, by 1865

Radical Republicans

they went second, led by Charles Sumner, said south had to redo their politics and economy against slavery or war would have been useless

Freedmen Bureau

4,000 schools, 40 hospitals, 2 million rations, all provided for freed slaves

Andrew Johnson

became president after Lincoln was assassinated, was for the south and working around anti-slavery laws

13th Amendment

ended slavery

14th Amendment

everyone born in the U.S. is a citizen unless unde foreign power

15th Amendment

every male citizen has right to vote, regardless of race

Reconstruction Acts

the south states are ejected and then have to become military districts, so north army can be there and enforce equality, ratify the 14th amendment, and support civil rights and equality

40 Acres and a Mule

plan to seize land and redistribute 40 acres and a mule to freed slaves

Sharecropping

whites rented their land and tools at outrageous prices, so blacks worked land and colllected debt, in a cycle, so they could never really leave

Ku Klux Klan

white terrorist group, that was against equality with blacks

Election of 1876

Tilden vs. Hayes, Tilden won popular and electoral, but three states votes got retracted due to fruad being suspected, so neither party had enough votes to win so special 15 person 20 point collage was made, and all 20 points went to Hayes, so he won 185-184

Compromise of 1877

how Hayes convinced 15 person electoral college to give him all the votes

Black Codes

harrable laws against blacks, civil rights laws were passed to counter act these

Jim Crow Laws

allowed segregation, supreme court allowed because the 14th amendment just said equal, not togeather

Poll tax

made people pay to vote, prevented black people from voting as they often didn’t have enough money

Plessy v. Ferguson

guy qualified as white, so went to ride that bus, but got kicked off, he took the case to court