the girls go loca for this psych final

Rooting reflex

Automatic turn of head when cheek is touched

Sucking reflex

Suck anything that touches lips

Startle reflex

Infant flings arms, fans fingers and arches back in response to sudden noise

Babinski reflex

Toes fan out when outer edge of sole of foot is stroked

Nature

Pre-wiring influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors

Nurture

Influence of external factors after conception, such as exposure, life experiences, and learning

Teratogens

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Experiences such as neglect or abuse that can slow development.

Maturation

Orderly sequence of biological growth (e.g., rollover, sit-up, first stand, first walk, say first word, sleep all night).

Schema

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

Assimilation

Interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas.

Accommodation

Adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.

Habituation

A decrease in responsiveness with repeated stimulation.

Object Permanence

The understanding that objects and people continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.

Egocentrism

The inability to consider another person's point of view.

Animistic Thinking

Believing that inanimate objects have feelings.

Conservation

The understanding that two equal quantities remain equal even though their form or appearance is rearranged.

Theory of Mind

The ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others and understand differing beliefs and desires.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Disorders characterized by social deficits, communication difficulties, and stereotyped or repetitive behaviors.

Piaget's 1st stage

-Sensorimotor Stage (0-2)

-Characterized by object permanence and stranger anxiety.

Piaget's 2nd stage

-Preoperational Stage (2-6)

-Characterized by pretend play, mental symbols, egocentrism, reversibility, animism, and theory of mind.

Piaget's 3rd stage

-Concrete Operational Stage (7-11)

-Characterized by conservation and mathematical transformations.

Piaget's 4th stage

-Formal Operational Stage (12+)

-Characterized by abstract logic and potential for moral reasoning.

gross/large motor skills

large muscles of legs and shoulders - jumping/running

Fine Motor Skills

physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin

Critical Period aka Sensitive Period

An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

Imprinting

The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life (like geese trusting humans)

Stranger Anxiety

Fear of strangers that infants commonly display

Attachment or bonding

An emotional tie with another person

Secure Attachment

Classified by children who show some distress when their caregiver leaves but are able to compose themselves knowing that their caregiver will return

Insecurely Attached

Child is unable to be comforted or is violent or distant upon return

Avoidant Attachment

Formed in babies and children when parents or caregivers are largely emotionally unavailable or unresponsive most of the time

Anxious Attachment

May have a hard time feeling secure in relationships, clinging to caregivers or becoming inconsolable when a caregiver leaves

Jean Piaget

Cognitive psychologist

Lev Vygotsky

Believed that children learn according to their own schedule

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Gap between what a child can do without help and what he can do only with support (scaffolding)

The Role Of Testosterone

Sexual activity increases testosterone levels, and testosterone levels increase sex drive

Sexual desires

People have an infinite number of desires that influence the motivation for sex

Microsystem

Groups that have direct contact with the individual

Mesosystem

The relationships between groups in the microsystem

Exosystem

Indirect factors in an individual's life

Macrosystem

Cultural events that affect the individuals and others around them

Chronosystem

The individual's current stage of life

Authoritarian parents

Impose rules and expect obedience ("Don't interrupt." "Why? Because I said so.")

Permissive parents

Submit to children's desires, make few demands, use little punishment

Authoritative parents

Both demanding and responsive

Neglecting parents

children tend to lack self-control, have low self-esteem, and are less competent than their peers.

Adolescence

The transition period from childhood to adulthood

Puberty

The period of sexual maturation

Menarche

First occurrence of menstruation, average age is currently 12

Spermarche

First ejaculation

Menopause

After period ends

Morality

Accepted moral standards: standards of conduct that are generally accepted as right or proper

Sex

Either of the two categories (male or female) into which most organisms are divided

Gender

Typed is what you learn or do in order to be masculine or feminine through cognitive processes or observation of others

Gender roles

Expectations about the way men and women behave that vary across cultures and over time

Gender identity

Sense of being male, female, or non-binary (how you identify yourself)

Gender-typed

Acquisition of masculine or feminine role and how you acquire your gender identity

Erikson's 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development

1. Infancy (trust vs mistrust)

2. toddler (autonomy vs shame),

3. preschooler (initiative vs guilt),

4. elementary (competence vs inferiority)

5.adolescence (identity vs role confusion)

6.young adult (intimacy vs isolation),

7. middle adult (generativity vs stagnation),

8. late adult (integrity vs despair)

Imaginary audience

Being the center of attention of a group that listens to their ideas and beliefs

Personal fables

Stories created by teens about their lives that are idealized and special and make them feel invincible

Invulnerability

Delusion that nothing can harm you

Identity Moratorium

In crisis, exploring choices, but has not made a commitment to these choices

Identity Diffusion

No sense of having choices; has not yet made nor is attempting to make a commitment

Identity Foreclosure

Willing to commit to future roles, values, or goals without an identity crisis, conforming to expectations of others

Identity Achievement/Formation

Completed identity crisis and has committed to identity/value

John Marcia

Focused on teenage identity and adolescent identity statuses

Crisis (Marcia)

A time of upheaval where old values or choices are being reexamined

Commitment (Marcia)

Dedication to role or value

Social clock

The culturally preferred timing of social events, such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

Marital and divorce trends

Couples marry later in the U.S., report a drop in satisfaction after the 1st child, and divorce rates decrease the later people wait to marry

Interpersonal needs

Satisfaction leads to feelings of security, while frustration leads to feelings of anxiety

Empty nest syndrome

When you miss your kids, but it actually improves your life as a parent

Dementia

Thinking, memory, and behavior begin to deteriorate

Alzheimer's disease

Degenerative disease in which memory loss is progressive and plaques accumulate in nervous system tissue

Fluid intelligence

Ability to solve problems, see relationships, and think abstractly (declines after middle age)

Crystallized intelligence

Accumulated intelligence over time and ability to use skills, knowledge, and experience (increases with time)

Cross-Sectional Study

A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

Longitudinal Study

A study in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Inability to breakdown protein

Tay-Sachs disease

Inability to break down fat, causing substances to build up and destroy brain and nerve cells until the nervous system shuts down