1. Market Basics

Finance for beginners: terms from the NenVest AI-bubble report (Nov 2026). English + Ukrainian.

Stock (share) — Акція

A tiny piece of a company. If you own a share, you own a small part of that company and share its wins and losses. Example: buy 1 GE share and you are a tiny co-owner of GE.

Shareholder — Акціонер

A person who owns shares of a company. Like being a small co-owner. Example: you own 1 Oracle share, so you are an Oracle shareholder.

Asset — Актив

Anything you own that is worth money. Example: cash, stocks, gold, a house, a bike.

Portfolio — Портфель

All your investments together, like a backpack with all your toys inside. Example: your IBKR account with SK Hynix, Oracle, gold and India ETFs is your portfolio.

Market capitalization (market cap) — Ринкова капіталізація

How much the whole company is worth on the stock market. Formula: share price x number of shares. Example: 1 billion shares x €50 = €50 billion market cap.

Index — Індекс

One number that shows how a whole group of stocks is doing, like the average score of a class. Example: the S&P 500 follows the 500 biggest US companies.

Trading — Трейдинг

Buying and selling often to earn from short price moves, instead of holding for years.

Retail investor — Роздрібний інвестор (рітейл)

A normal person investing their own money, like you. Not a bank or a big fund.

Investment — Інвестиція

Putting money into something today, hoping to get more back later. Example: you buy a share for €100 hoping it is worth €130 in a year.

Risk — Ризик

The chance that you lose money. Bigger possible reward usually means bigger risk.

Liquidity — Ліквідність

How fast you can turn something into cash without losing value. Example: an Apple share sells in 1 second (very liquid); a house takes months (not liquid).

Illiquid asset — Неліквідний актив

Something hard to sell quickly. If you must sell fast, you get a much lower price. Example: shares of a private startup, art, a house.

Discount — Дисконт

Paying less than the normal price. Example: a stock trades at €100, but a desperate seller sells it to you for €90 = a 10% discount.

Insiders — Інсайдери

People who know more than everyone else: company bosses, or big players who know what others own.

Sector — Сектор

A group of companies doing similar business. Example: tech, energy, banks, healthcare, defense.