History Russia Rev. AOS1 Causes

Political Parties

Modernisation - The Great Spurt

• 1893 - 1903

• Sergei Witte - Minister of Finance

• Trans Siberian Railway - 1891-1916

• The industrial labour force tripled from 1860–1905.

PROBLEMS!

• Number of industrial strikes suppressed by military force: 19 in 1893 to 522 in 1902.

• Population Increases (St Petersburg): 1890: Just over 1 million. 1910 - 1 million 900,000.

• 16 people in 1 apartment, 6 shared a room, 12hr shifts.

Russo-Japanese War:

• 1904 - 1905

• Began 8th Feb - Ended 23rd August 1905 with Treaty of Portsmouth

Progression of the War:

2 Jan 1905: Port Arthur surrendered - Russia down 31,000 men.

11-25 Feb 1905: Battle of Mukden - Russia lost 90,000 men.

14-15 May 1905: Russian Baltic Fleet - 24 hours - Battle of Tsushima. 10,000 Russians killed, 690 Japanese.

IMPACT: The real worth of wages decreased by 25 % for workers in 12 months

Bloody Sunday (lead up and event)

• Pulitov Steelwork Factory - 4 December 1905 - 4 workers dismissed

• Strikes: Jan 1905, 120,000 industrial workers strike.

• January 9 1905: BLOODY SUNDAY -  150 000 protesters, Winter Palace

• Cossacks fired - 200 killed, 800 injured.

• Over 400,000 people protested after Bloody Sunday in February 1905.

1905 Revolution:

• Start - Bloody Sunday (9 January 1905), Ends 16 June 1907 ( Stolypin's Coup)

• One of the causes: 400,000 workers strike Jan 1905.

• Peasants: Burned manor houses (3,000 destroyed)

• Students: 3000 student rally

• Sailors: 14 June 1905 mutiny the Battleship Potemkin

• Liberals: Union of Unions (May 1905)

THE SOVIET: 1905 Revolution

• 13 October 1905 - founding of the St Petersburg Soviet

• 14th Oct. called for nationwide general strike (1.5 million), halting Moscow and St Petersburg.

October Manifesto:

• 14th Oct - the economies of Moscow and St Petersburg were paralysed (1.5 mill general strike)

• October 17 1905!!!

Dumas:

Electing Members:

• Indirectly Vote: men 24+, Directly: landholders (200+ hectares)

• Over 60% of the urban population were unable to vote

• 1st DUMA: 27 April 1906, Kadets (184 seats) and Peasants

  • Dismissed in July 1906 (73 Days)

• 2nd DUMA:  February 1907 - June 1907

• 3rd DUMA: November 1907 - June 1912 full term

• 4th DUMA: Nov 1912 - 6 Oct 1917

Fundemental Laws:

23 April 1906 (4 days before the opening of the Duma):

Stolypin:

• Between 1906-1915

• 1825-1905 - 192 people executed for crimes

• 1906-1913 - 3376 executed for political crimes

Land Reforms:

• 3 million took up opportunities and went to Siberia

• Peasants: 15% classed as kulaks

• the total land owned by the peasantry increased from 4320 million to 4590 million acres

WW1

• 17th July 1914 - full mobilisation

• 6.5 million men mobilised 1914, only 4.6 million rifles, often limited to three bullets a day

• Great Britain- 150 times more factories than Russia

• Battle of Tannenberg - 230,000 Russia = over 170,000 casualties, Germans only lost 15,000 men

• By the end of 1915 - 4 million soldiers killed, wounded or captured. 

• 1916: 4 x Russians been captured as killed

• 1917 POWs outnumbered dead 16 to 1

• Tsar takes command - replaced Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich as Commander in Chief of the Russian Armed Forces - August 1915

Home Front WW1

• 1916, Petrograd + Moscow receiving ⅓ of fuel/food supplies, ⅓ Petrograd bakeries closed

• 1914 - vodka production and sale banned (sales tax on vodka was 28% of Russia’s revenue) 

• Wages really 65% below 1913 levels

• LARGESCALE DIMISSAL: 15 ministers, including 4 Prime Ministers

FEB REV

• 9 Jan 1917 - 150,000 workers demonstrated -Petrograd (BloodyS)

• 24th Feb - 200,000 workers on the streets

• 25th Feb - Petrograd factories were closed and the protesters numbered 300,000.

• 27th Feb - Petrograd garrison mutinied.

• 28th Feb - Nicolas’ Council of ministers had stepped down, PROVISIONAL GOV PROCLIMATION.

• 2nd March - Tsar Abdicates, 300 romanov rule ended.

Dual Authority

• 27th Feb 1917 - Provisional Comittee (P.G) assumes authority

•  March 1st 1917 Petrograd Soviet issued ‘Order Number One

Lenin

• Returned to Russia 3 April 1917, helped by Germany

June Offensive and July Days

• June 18th - 2nd July- June Offensive

• 170,000  soldiers in deserted - despite death penalty  

• Cost territory - 230 km

• 2nd July - Meeting held by the 1st Machine Gun Regiment

• 3rd July - Protesting

• 4th July -  50,000 workers, soldiers, sailors (including Putilov Plant). P.G FIRED ON CROWD - 400 killed

• P.G arrests 800 bolshevik - 11 key bolshevik

Kornilov Affair

• July 18 1917 Kerensky appointed Kornilov as the Supreme Commander of the Russian Army

• Kerensky dismissed Kornilov by telegram on August 27 1917 - believed coup

• 9 September - Bolsheviks in control of the Petrograd Soviet

Trosky

• 25 September - Trotsky elected as Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet

• 16 October - MRC - Milrevcom formed (Trotsky)

October Revolution:

• 10 October - Bolshevik Central Committee meeting

• 16 October - MRC - Milrevcom formed (Trotsky)

• 23 October - Kerensky tries to reduce Bolshevik power

• 24 October - Trotsky and MRC retakes control of key areas

• 25 October - Winter Palace taken, PG ministers arrested - Second All-Russian Congress meet

• 26 October - Bolsheviks control the Soviet Congress

  • Takeover was carried out by sympathetic soldiers and sailors, Red Guards and the Trotsky-led Milrevcom (MRC).