📈(10/5 & 10/7) Screw Ts I & II

I call them screw-T log ps rather than Skew-Ts, because they be screwing up my GPA, as well as my sanity...🫩📊

MALR / Moist Adiabatic Lapse Rate, green curves on a Skew-T extending upward and to the left, varies between 4C/km & 10C/km

what is this, you may ask?

this is the (TTTT) or (term term term term); represented as (color terms on a Skew-T extending term and to the term), it (varies between ###units & ###units).

DALR, dry adiabatic lapse rate, brown or orange curves running from the upper left to lower right on a Skew-T, remains constant at 10C/km

you may be wondering, as I am — what in the heckles is this?

this is the (TTTT), or (term term term term); represented as (color or color terms running from the upper term to the lower term on a Skew-T), it (remains constant at ###units).

Mixing ratio: blue dotted lines on a Skew-T, measure of moisture. Actual mixing ratio: use dew point temperature, pressure/isobars. Saturated mixing ratio: use temperature, pressure/isobars.

what in the holy bejesus is this, you may ask?

This is the (TERM TERM:); represented as (color pattern terms on a Skew-T), it is a (measure of term). To find the (Actual term term: use) the (term term term) and (term/termbars). To find the (saturated term term: use) the (term) and (term/isobars).

isotherms: they measure temperature, diagonal orange lines of constant temperature, skewed right, x-axis.

these guys are called (terms:) and (they measure term). They are ( direction color lines of term term) that are (termed right) and run on the length of the (letter-term).

black horizontal lines, isobars, lines of constant pressure, decrease with height, spaced closer at the bottom than at the top, y-axis.

these (color direction terms) are called (term) and they are (terms of constant term) that (term with height). They are (spaced termer at the bottom than at the term) and located along the (letter-term).

thermodynamic diagram, area is proportional to energy

a chart or graph that presents the relationship among pressure, temperature, and water content under typical atmospheric conditions. (Area is proportional to TERM).

lifting condensation level, cloud base

abbreviated as LCL, this is the level at which a parcel of unsaturated air becomes saturated and condenses when lifted upward. Also forms the (term term).

dew point depression

DD= T-Td, the difference between the dry air temperature (T) and the dew point temperature (Td). Gives a rough measure of relative humidity.

Cloudy layer — Atmospheric layer at or near 100% relative humidity. Clouds are likely to exist when the dew point depression is less than or equal to 5C, and the likelihood of cloud formation increases once the dew point depression reaches 0C.

(Termy term— Atmospheric layer at or near ###% relative term). (Clouds are likely to exist when the dew point depression is term than or term to ###unit), and the likelihood of cloud formation increases once the dew point depression reaches ###unit).

radiation inversion, almost always in contact with the surface

(Term term) — a type of inversion where the air near the surface cools due to the emission of longwave radiation overnight. These are (almost always term term with the term).

frontal inversion, may or may not be connected to the surface

(term term) — a type of inversion caused by the advance of warm or cold air associated with the movement of a weather front into an area. The edge of the advancing air mass is often noted with an inversion. (May or may not be termed to the term).

subsidence inversion, subsidence, located away from the surface

(Term term) — inversion caused by the sinking, or (Term), and warming of an entire layer of air. These are (located term from the surface).

stratospheric inversion, tropopause, height of the tropopause or transition layer is usually noted by the base of the stratospheric inversion.

(term term) — the stratosphere warms with height due to the absorption of shortwave ultraviolet energy by ozone gas. The transition from the troposphere to the stratosphere is called the (term), (the height of the term or transition layer is usually noted by the term of the term inversion).

diagnosing thunderstorms: vertical profile of temperature, ELR, parcel lapse rate. Very unstable parcel rises and creates a thunderstorm.

Key to (diagnosing terms): (term profile of term) or (TTT) and the (term’s term rate). A (very term parcel terms and creates a term).

Assess stability in two ways: Comparing the environmental lapse rate (Tenv) for a layer to the adiabatic lapse rate, either the DALR or MALR, or comparing the temperature of an air parcel as it is lifted upward to some pressue level to the corresponding temperature of the environment at that pressure level.

(Assess term in two ways:

Comparing the term term term (lettersubscript) for a layer to the term’s term term rate, either the TTTT or TTTT, or

Comparing the term of an term term as it is termed upward to some pressure level to the corresponding term of the term at that term level).

The skew-T part of the skew-t log p diagram comes from how the isotherms, or lines of constant temperature running diagonally along the x-axis, are skewed right).

(The “skew-T” part of the Skew-T log p diagram comes from how the isotherms, or lines of constant temperature running diagonally along the term-axis, are termed term).

The log-P part of the Skew-T-log-P diagram comes from the isobars, the lines of constant pressure running horizontally along the x-axis that are spaced closer near the bottom and farther near the top.

(The log-P part of the Skew-T-log-P diagram comes from the term, the lines of constant pressure running horizontally along the term-axis that are spaced termer near the bottom and termer near the top).

As long as an air parcel remains unsaturated, vertical changes will be reflected by movement along a dry adiabat.

(As long as an air parcel remains unsaturated, vertical changes will be reflected by movement along a TERM TERM).

as long as an air parcel remains saturated, changes due to upward motion will be reflected by movement along a moist adiabat

(As long as an air parcel remains TERM, changes due to TERM motion will be reflected by movement along a TERM TERM.)

wind speed is shown on the right side of the Skew-T using wind barbs

(wind speed is shown on the right side of the Skew-T using wind terms).

Inversion

an area of the atmosphere where temperature increases with height

inversions are very stable, because the environmental air with an inversion will always be warmer than a lifted parcel. Inversions are usually associated with sinking air and often do not contain clouds.

(Inversions are very term, because the environmental air within an term will always be termer than a lifted term. Inversions are usually associated with terming air and often term term contain clouds).

Isobars, isotherms, mixing ratio, dry adiabatic lapse rate, moist adiabatic lapse rate

(Terms): black and horizontal lines, units hPa

(Terms): orange positive slope, units C

(Term term): dashed blue line, units g/Kg

(term term term term): orange negative slope, units C/km

(term term term term): green, units C/km

The point above where the dry adiabat through the initial temperature crosses the mixing ratio line through the initial dew point temperature is the point of initial saturation, or LCL lifting condensation level

(The point above where the term adiabat through the initial term crosses the mixing ratio line through the initial term term term is the point of initial saturation, or (TTT) term term term.

Level of Free Convection, positively buoyant

The level at which a parcel of air lifted adiabatically from the surface first becomes warmer than the surrounding environment. That is, a parcel is (termly term) above this level, abbreviated as the LFC.

w

abbreviation for mixing ratio

Ws

abbreviation for saturation mixing ratio

equilibrium level, level of neutral buoyancy

Abbreviated as LNB and also known as the (term level), the (term of term term) is the height at which a lifted parcel of air once again has the same temperature as the environment. This often represents the top of a convective cloud and separates an unstable layer below from a stable layer above the LNB.

stability index

The (term term) is any of several quantities whose purpose is to assess the potential for and/or severity of convection.

wind shear

the change of wind speed/direction with height is called what?

lifting index, total totals index, convective available potential energy, convective inhibition

What are the four stability indices covered in this lab? Abbreviated as LI, TTI, CAPE, and CIN.

CAPE and CIN both measure the area between the lifted parcel and the environmental temperature. CAPE is the area where the parcel is warmer than the environmental temperature, a sign of an unstable layer. CIN is the area where the parcel is cooler than the environmental temperature, signaling a stable layer that inhibits convection.

(CAPE and CIN both measure the term between the lifted term and the term temperature. CAPE is the area where the parcel is termer than the environmental temperature, a sign of a[n] term layer. CIN is the area where the parcel is termer than the environmental temperature, signaling a term layer that terms convection).

CAPE < 1000 J/kg, A CAPE less than 1000 J/kg means that weak thunderstorms are likely

Write the CAPE inequality/equality for “weak thunderstorms likely” in mathematical form, then write it in qualitative form — (A CAPE greater than/less than ### units // a CAPE between ### & ### units means that weak thunderstorms are likely).

CAPE = 1000-2000 J/kg, A CAPE between 1000 and 2000 J/kg

Write the CAPE inequality/equality for “moderate thunderstorms likely” in mathematical form, then write it in qualitative form — (A CAPE greater than/less than ### units // a CAPE between ### & ### units means that moderate thunderstorms are likely). Include units.

CAPE > 2000 J/kg, A CAPE greater than 2000 J/kg means that strong thunderstorms are likely.

Write the CAPE inequality/equality for “strong thunderstorms likely” in mathematical form, then write it in qualitative form — (A CAPE greater than/less than ### units // a CAPE between ### & ### units means that strong thunderstorms are likely). Include units.

Vertical wind shear, or the change in wind speed and direction with height, is key to the development and prediction of severe thunderstorms. Stronger wind speeds aloft can promote the development of strong storms.

(Vertical wind term, or the change in wind term and term with height, is key to the development and prediction of severe thunderstorms. Termer wind terms aloft can promote the development of term storms).

Speed shear of 50kts or more from the surface to 500hPa can lead to strong thunderstorms.

(Speed shear of ###units or more from the surface to ###hPa can lead to term thunderstorms.)

Veering winds, turn clockwise with increasing height, best for severe weather

(Term terms) are a type of wind shear that (turn clockwise with increasing term). They are (best for term term).

Backing winds, turn counterclockwise with increasing height, not as good for severe weather as veering winds

(Term terms) are a type of wind shear that (turn counterclockwise with increasing height); they are (term as good for term weather as veering winds).

TTI= T850 + Td850 - 2 (T500), ENVIRONMENT, NOT THE PARCEL

write the Total Totals Index formula, calculated from sounding values from the TERM, NOT THE TERM

TTI = (term_sub) + (term_sub) - (##) (term_sub)

TTI = T850+Td850 - 2 (T500), TTI= total totals index, T850= temperature at 850hPa, Td850= dew point temperature at 850 hPa, T500= temperature at 500hPa

Write and interpret this formula. Write everything within the double brackets.

[[ TTI= T850 + Td850 - 2 (T500)

TTI = (term term term)

T850 = (term at ###unit)

Td850 = (term term term at ###unit)

T500 = (term at ###unit) ]]

All TTI values measure the environment, not the parcel

[ALL TTI values measure the TERM, NOT THE PARCEL.]

isolated or few thunderstorms

TTI of 44

East of the Rocky Mountains (Midwest)

Answer bank:

• Scattered thunderstorms

• numerous thunderstorms; scattered severe; scattered tornadoes

• isolated or few thunderstorms

• scattered to numerous thunderstorms; few to scattered severe; isolated tornadoes

• scattered thunderstorms; isolated severe

• scattered thunderstorms; few severe, isolated tornadoes

scattered thunderstorms

TTI of 46

East of the Rocky Mountains (Midwest)

Answer bank:

• Scattered thunderstorms

• numerous thunderstorms; scattered severe; scattered tornadoes

• isolated or few thunderstorms

• scattered to numerous thunderstorms; few to scattered severe; isolated tornadoes

• scattered thunderstorms; isolated severe

• scattered thunderstorms; few severe, isolated tornadoes

Scattered thunderstorms; isolated severe

TTI of 48

East of the Rocky Mountains (Midwest)

Answer bank:

• Scattered thunderstorms

• numerous thunderstorms; scattered severe; scattered tornadoes

• isolated or few thunderstorms

• scattered to numerous thunderstorms; few to scattered severe; isolated tornadoes

• scattered thunderstorms; isolated severe

• scattered thunderstorms; few severe, isolated tornadoes

scattered thunderstorms, few severe, isolated tornadoes

TTI of 50

East of the Rocky Mountains (Midwest)

Answer bank:

• Scattered thunderstorms

• numerous thunderstorms; scattered severe; scattered tornadoes

• isolated or few thunderstorms

• scattered to numerous thunderstorms; few to scattered severe; isolated tornadoes

• scattered thunderstorms; isolated severe

• scattered thunderstorms; few severe, isolated tornadoes

Scattered to numerous thunderstorms, few to scattered severe; isolated tornadoes

TTI of 52

East of the Rocky Mountains (Midwest)

Answer bank:

• Scattered thunderstorms

• numerous thunderstorms; scattered severe; scattered tornadoes

• isolated or few thunderstorms

• scattered to numerous thunderstorms; few to scattered severe; isolated tornadoes

• scattered thunderstorms; isolated severe

• scattered thunderstorms; few severe, isolated tornadoes

Numerous thunderstorms; scattered severe; scattered tornadoes

TTI of 56

East of the Rocky Mountains (Midwest)

Answer bank:

• Scattered thunderstorms

• numerous thunderstorms; scattered severe; scattered tornadoes

• isolated or few thunderstorms

• scattered to numerous thunderstorms; few to scattered severe; isolated tornadoes

• scattered thunderstorms; isolated severe

• scattered thunderstorms; few severe, isolated tornadoes

higher TTI, higher likelihood of severe weather, lower TTI, lower likelihood for severe weather

In general, (term TTI) means (higher likelihood for severe weather). (Term TTI) means (lower likelihood for severe weather).

Environment with a TTI of 56

Which would produce more and stronger severe weather— an environment with a TTI of 52, or an environment with a TTI of 56

higher CAPE, higher likelihood of and stronger severe weather

In general, (termer CAPE) means (higher likelihood of and stronger severe weather),

lifting index, LI = Te500 - Tp500

LI is the (Term term).

Write the LI formula:

LI = (term_sub) - (term_sub)

LI= Te500 - Tp500 — the lifting index formula, Te500 = environmental temperature at 500 hPa, Tp500 = temperature of the lifted parcel at 500 hPa. Lifting index is measured in degrees Celsius.

Write LI = Te500 - Tp500 — the Lifting Index formula. Define what each term means.

Te500 = term temperature at ###units

Tp500 = term of the term term at ###units

Lifting index is measured in UNITS UNITS.

Stable, thunderstorms unlikely

LI is greater than 0C. What is the weather condition?

Options:

• Unstable; thunderstorms probable

• Marginally unstable; thunderstorms possible

• Stable; thunderstorms unlikely

• Very unstable; intense thunderstorm potential

A negative LI indicates instability and positive buoyancy because the parcel is warmer than its environment, while a positive LI indicates stability and negative buoyancy because the parcel is colder than its environment, higher LI = higher stability, lower LI = lower stability

(A POSITIVE/NEGATIVE LI indicates instability and POSITIVE/NEGATIVE BUOYANCY because the parcel is WARMER/COLDER than its environment, while a NEGATIVE/POSITIVE LI indicates stability and NEGATIVE/POSITIVE BUOYANCY because the parcel is WARMER/COLDER than its environment, Higher LI = Term Stability. Lower LI = term stability).

marginally unstable, thunderstorms possible

LI is between 0C and 2C. What is the weather condition?

Options:

• Unstable; thunderstorms probable

• Marginally unstable; thunderstorms possible

• Stable; thunderstorms unlikely

• Very unstable; intense thunderstorm potential

Unstable, thunderstorms probable

LI is between -3C and -5. What is the weather condition?

Options:

• Unstable; thunderstorms probable

• Marginally unstable; thunderstorms possible

• Stable; thunderstorms unlikely

• Very unstable; intense thunderstorm potential

Very unstable, intense thunderstorm potential

LI is less than -5C. What is the weather condition?

Options:

• Unstable; thunderstorms probable

• Marginally unstable; thunderstorms possible

• Stable; thunderstorms unlikely

• Very unstable; intense thunderstorm potential

Vertical movement is used to measure atmospheric stability in two ways:

Comparing the environmental lapse rate to the adiabatic lapse rate (either DALR or MALR) of the parcel, or comparing the temperature of an air parcel lifted to some pressure level to the corresponding environmental temperature at that pressure level

(Vertical movement is used to measure atmospheric stability in two ways:

Comparing the term term term for a layer to the term term term (either TTTT or TTTT) of the parcel, or Comparing the term of an air parcel lifted to some term term to the corresponding environmental term at that pressure level)

If the temperature of the lifted parcel is warmer than the environment, the parcel will be positively buoyant — that is, it will rise without external forcing — and is unstable.

(If the term of the lifted parcel is warmer than the environment, the parcel will be term term — that is, it will rise without term terming— and is term).

If the temperature of the lifted air parcel is the same as the environment’s, the parcel will be neutrally buoyant — in other words, it won’t move up or down — and is said to be neutral.

(If the term of the termed parcel is the same as the environment’s, the parcel will be termly term — in other words, it won’t term up or down— and is said to be term.)

If the temperature of the lifted air parcel is colder than the environment, the parcel will be negatively buoyant— that is, it will sink to its original level without external forcing — and is said to be stable.

(If the temperature of the lifted air parcel is colder than the environment, the parcel will be termly term — that is, it will term to its original level without term terming— and is said to be term.)

No

If there is no Level of Free Convection, is it likely that thunderstorms will occur?

YES/NO

When an air parcel rises, it initially cools at the DALR until it saturates and condenses at the LCL. After that point, it will cool at the MALR. The first time the parcel becomes warmer than its surroundings is called the Level of Free Convection, or LFC. Once the parcel moves above the LFC, it accelerates because it is positively buoyant.

(When an term parcel rises, it initially cools at the TTTT until it terms and condenses at the LCL. After that point, it will cool at the TTTT. The first time the parcel becomes warmer than its surroundings is called the Term of Term Term, or LFC. Once the parcel moves above the LFC, it terms because it is termly buoyant.)

At some point above reaching the LFC, the parcel’s temperature equals that of its environment again. Because it is no longer warmer than its surroundings, it will no longer be positively buoyant and will stay where it is. The level the parcel does this is called both the LNB— level of neutral buoyancy — and the EL — equilibrium level.

(At some point above reaching the LFC, the parcel’s temperature terms that of its environment again. Because it is no longer termer than its surroundings, it will no longer be termly term and will term where it is. The level the parcel does this is called both the LNB — (term of term term) — and the EL — term term. )