AP Human Geography

Pros of Mercator Maps

Direction/Shape

Pros of Robinson Maps

A little of everything

Distortions of Robinson Maps

A little of everything

Pros of Goode Homolosine Maps

Area

Distortions of Goode Homolosine Maps

Shape/Distance

Pros of Azimuthal Maps

Preserves center

Distortions of Azimuthal Maps

Area further from the center

Physical Map

Natural feature (Mountains)

Political Map

Man Made (Country and borders)

Absolute Location

Exact, precise, coordinates.

Relative Location

Around, near, close to

Thematic Map

Shows data. Ex. Population & income.

Isoline Map

Lines of equal value. Ex. Elevation or temperature.

Topographic Map

Shows elevation with contour lines.

Dot Map:

Uses a dot of the same size to represent the frequency.

Proportional Symbol Map:

Uses a symbol in various sizes to show frequency.

Choropleth Map:

Uses shades of color to represent data.

Spatial:

How things are arranged.

Map Projection:

A way to flatten a globe in order to make a map. Distortions include: Shape, Area, and Distance.

Geospatial Technologies

Used to gather and create data.

Global Positioning System:

Precise absolute location using latitude and longitude.

Geographic Information System:

A computer system using layers of data to analyze relationship.

Remote Sensing:

Real life images gathered from a distance. (Satellite pic)

Regions:

Way to take the world or people and break it into smaller chunks.

Formal Region:

Has uniform characteristics and shared traits.

Functional Region:

Has a focal point defined by a system of interactions.

Perceptual Regions:

Part of you cultural identity and belief. They are vague.

Map Scale:

The relationship between distance on a map and actual distance on Earth.

Large Scale Map:

Large detail in a small area.

Small Scale Map:

Small detail in a large area.

Scale of analysis:

The size or the problem or situation. Ex. Census tract, Local, Global.

World System Theory:

A way to separate the countries based off economics. Siblings.

Core:

Exploits and takes advantage of semi-periphery and periphery’s cheap labor and raw materials. (Good education, good technology, strong military, and good economy).

Semi-periphery:

Gets exploited and taken advantage of by core countries and exploits and takes advantage of periphery’s cheap labor and raw materials. (Moderate education, developing technology, moderate military, and growing economy).

Periphery:

Gets exploited and taken advantage of by core and semi-periphery countries. (Limited education, less-developed technology, weak military, and weak economy).

Environmental Determinism:

Natural environment controls human life.

Possibilism:

Human decision making, not the environment.

Site:

Physical characteristics of a place.

Situation:

What “acts” on the area. Ex. A city is located near major highways and ports, making it easy to trade.

Place:

The physical and human characteristics of a location that make it unique.

Toponym:

How to name places? History, environment, and religion.

Distance Decay:

Farther away, less interaction.

Time-Space Compression/Convergence:

Technology makes places seem closer together by reducing the time it takes to travel or communicate.

Globalization:

Increased interconnectivity globe. Transport and communication.

Population Distribution:

Humans are not evenly distributed. Spread of people across the Earth.

Population/Arithmetic Density:

Population per square mile. Every person/all the land.

Densely Populated:

Flat land, Good weather, low elevation, and access to water source.

Sparsely Populated:

Harsh climate, high elevation, and lack of water.

Ecumene:

The inhabited portion of the Earth's surface.

Physiological Density:

People divided by arable land. How much pressure in farmland?

Agricultural Density:

Farmers divided by farmland.

Low agricultural density:

More machines to farm ---> more developed country. (core)

High Agricultural Density:

Less machines to farm---> Less developed country. (periphery or semi-periphery)

Redistricting:

Redrawing voting district boundaries to reflect population changes, every 10 years. Districts should have roughly equal populations.

Urban districts:

Geographically smaller as their populations grow.

Rural Districts:

Geographically larger as their populations shrink.

Population Dynamics

How a population changes over time.

Crude Birth Rate: (CBR)

The number of births per 1,000 people.

Crude Death Rate: (CDR)

The number of deaths per 1,000 people.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The rate at which a population grows or shrinks from births and deaths, NOT migration. CBR-CDR=NIR.

Doubling Time:

Amount of time for a population to double in size.

Social factors of birth rate:

Marriage early or later and female access to education.

Cultural factors of birth rate:

Large families or small families.

Political factors of birth rate:

Pronatalist policies and Anti Natalist policies.

Pronatalist Policies:

Encourage birth.

Anti Natalist policies:

Discourage birth.

Economic Factors of birth rate:

Cost of raising children (selfish?).

Population Pyramid:

A graph that shows the age and gender composition of a population.

Total Fertility Rate:

Average number of children a woman of chilbearing age (15-49) has. More accurate than CBR.

Replacement Level:

The number of children needed to replace the parents and keep the population stable usually 2.1 children per woman.

Demographic Momentum:

Even though fertility rate declines under 2.1, the population grows for a while.

Dependency Ratio: 

The number of working to non-working parts of the population. 65+ and -15.

DTM Model:

Model that tracks changes in birth rate, death rate, and total population.

DTM Stage 1

No country is in stage one, there is slow growth. Births and deaths are high so they cancel out.

DTM Stage 2

There is high growth. The high birth rate stays the same and the crude death rate drastically goes down. Advancements in medical revolution help people live longer and infant mortality rate is decreasing.

DTM Stage 3

Urbanization. Moderate growth. Family size is going down because women have better education and opportunities and have less time for babies. Births and deaths are getting lower and closer. Still positive NIR. Growth has slowed.

DTM Stage 4

Birth rate and death rate are the same again. This is when we experience zero population growth. Stabilized. Population staying the same. Advancements in medicine.

DTM Stage 5

Negative growth. Society has become so developed. People's family size are below that replacement rate. Births lower than death.

ETM Model

Explains shifts in health, medicine patterns, and causes of deaths that causes death rate changes.

ETM Stage 1

Pestilence and famine. Parasitic diseases and infectious diseases that spread. Crude death rate is going to be super high.

ETM Stage 2

Pandemics starts to pull back. Advancements in medicine and technology. This allows our life expectancy to go up and infant mortality rate to go down.

ETM Stage 3

No longer impacted by infectious diseases. More advancements in medicine and technology which increases our life expectancy. Focused on cancer, heart attacks, strokes, and diabetes.

ETM Stage 4

Delayed Degenerative diseases. Technology, medicine, and treatments has gotten better. Cure cancer, transplants, focusing on lifestyles, and how to live better and healthier lives. Obesity, junk food, and fast food. Living longer.

ETM Stage 5

Re-emergence of infectious diseases. Parasitic and infectious diseases make a return. Diseases will start to have resistance to antibiotics. Increased urbanization-> More densely populated-> higher chance of diseases spreading.->Gobalization-> exposed to different diseases.This stage is characterized by the re-emergence of infectious diseases and their resistance to treatments, influenced by urbanization and globalization.

Thomas Malthus

Created the Malthusian Theory. During this time, it was 1789 and Britain was in DTM Stage 2 (Overall increasing population). First anti-natalist.

Malthusian Theory

Population will grow at an exponential rate while agricultural productivity will grow at a linear rate and this would lead to a starvation pandemic.

Carrying Capacity

Max amount of people per piece of land.

Cornucopians

Malthus is wrong. More people=more brains (best resource) Humans will solve the problems-> Advances in technology.

Neo-Malthusians

Someone currently that says population growth needs to be controlled or else it would lead to lack of resources.

Ravenstein’s “Laws” of Migration

1885.Trends Ravenstein saw in migration patterns.

Top 3 most important “Laws” of Migration:

Most migrations are over a short distance, Migration is mostly dure to economic causes, and migration occurs in a series of steps.

Changing roles of women for stage 2 & 3 countries:

Caretakers, limited education, limited job opportunities, and limited political participation.

Changing roles of women for stage 4 & 5 countries

Have jobs and careers, access to education, and participation in the government.

Human Migration

The movement of people from one place to another.

Subsistence Agriculture

Farming that uses more human labor and fewer machines to grow crops and mainly to feed one’s family. (Common in peripheral and semi-peripheral countries).

Demographics

Data about characteristics of a population.

Land Degradation:

Damaged soil and soil isn’t able to support life.

Mobility

All types of movement

Net Migration

Immigrants-emigrants

Gravity Model

A model that predicts the interaction between two or more places.