learning and memory

Learning

Acquire new information, Our experiences change our
nervous system and behavior

Memory

Long-term changes in the nervous system following
learning

Stimulus-Response Learning

Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning

Motor Learning

Component of stimulus-response learning

Changes in responses of motor system following a stimulus

Perceptual Learning

Ability to learn to recognize stimuli that have been perceived before − Each sensory system is capable

Relational Learning

Connections between association cortex − Includes spatial learning

stimulus

Anything that an animal can detect with its senses. lights, tones, odors, or food

response

A measurable behavior by an animal. It is often caused or related to a stimulus

Non-associative

No connections between stimuli and responses

Sensitization

An increase in response to stimuli after an aversive or highly arousing even

Associative learning

Connections between stimuli and responses

Equipotentiality

the idea that memory is spread equally throughout the cortex

Case of H.M. revealed the importance of the hippocampal
formation

in memory consolidation

sensory memory

less than a second

short term/ working memormy

less than a minute

long-term memory

life-time

delclarative memory

facts,events conisouc

nondeclarative memory

skills, tasks unconiuscous

episodic memory

events, experience

semantic memory

facts concepts

Non-Declarative Memory Brain Regions

• Basal ganglia • Amygdala • Cerebellum

create episodic memory.

Hippocampus helps /Prefrontal cortex (more on the right hemisphere) • Parietal lobe, specifically the precuneus

Memory of facts, ideas, and concepts

Hippocampus • Prefrontal cortex • Inferior and medial temporal lobe

Spatial memory

Memory that represent one’s environment • Uses episodic and semantic memory

Anterograde

Difficulty forming new memories after the
event.

Retrograde

Difficulty retrieving memories from before the
event.